Lecture 1 Slides Flashcards
Plasma membrane
Made from lipids, glycolipids, proteolipids with embedded proteins
Extracellular matrix
ECM or cell wall. Deposited by the cell, made from protein, carbohydrate, or combo, may also contain lipids , glycolipids, proteolipids
Cytosol
Mostly water with soluble proteins, carbs, nucleic acids, stored food/energy
In prokaryotic cells, much of metabolism occurs in
Cytosol
In eukaryotic cells, metabolism occurs in
Organelles
What does coordination among organelles need
Cytosolic controls
What happens in cytosol
Glycolysis
Fermentation
Translation
What happens in nucleus
DNA replication
Transcription
What happens in mito
TCA cycle
Aerobic respiration
What happens in plasma membrane in prokaryotes
Aerobic respiration
Photosynthesis
What happens in prok. Cytosol
Glycolysis Fermentation TCA cycle Calvin cycle in Cyanobacteria DNA replication Transcription Translation
Taxonomy
Classification, identification and naming of organisms
Phylogenetically
Study of the evolutionary relatedness of organisms
Traditional taxonomic groups of living organisms
EUKARYOTES Animals Plants Fungi Protista PROKARYOTES bacteria Archaea
What are traditional classifications based on? New methods?
Old, morphology and nutrition
New, DNA sequences, genomics
Three domains of life
Bacteria
Archaea
Eukaryotes
When did root of eukaryotic tree start
1.5a2 B years ago
From what are mitochondria derived
Symbiosis of bacterial cell
How is the nature of eukaryotic genomes chimeric
Genes for info processing more similar to archaeal genes
Genes for metabolic processes more similar to bacterial genes
Many eukaryotic genes are unique to eukaryotes
What is the TACK group of archaea
Have proteins in common with eukaryotes, suggesting first eukaryotes are derived from that group of bacteria
Hypothetical model for origin of eukaryotic cell
- Archeon from TACK loses cell wall
- Actin cytoskeleton is altered for phagocytosis
- Phagocytosis of numerous bacteria and archea with transfer of some DNA to the nucleoid
- Devt of protective membrane system around nucleoid and uptake of bacterial endosymbiont that maintains its independence as the mito
- Mitochondria multiply in primitive eukaryotic cell
What is special about parakaryon myojinensis
Isolated from a Thermal vent in the deep sea off the coast of japan. It has features intermediate bet. Prokaryotes and eukaryotes:
- a single nucleoid bounded by a single membrane and filling 40% of the cell
- no mitochondria
- several endosymbiont a with features similar to bacteria
Two eukaryotic clades
Bikont clade (two cilia) Unikont clade (one cilium and triple gene fusion)
Cladistics
Uses quantitative analysis of shared derived characters to classify organisms into groups derived from a last common ancestor
Unikont clade divisions
Amoebozoa
Opisthokonta
Bikont clade subgroups
Archaeplastida, chromalveolata, rhizaria, excavata
