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athletic injuries 2036 > Lecture 1 - protective equipment, what makes the perfect fit? > Flashcards

Lecture 1 - protective equipment, what makes the perfect fit? Flashcards

1
Q

what factors are important in the prevention of athletic injuries?

A
  1. design
    - to prevent injury
    - to protect injured parts from further injury.
  2. proper fit
  3. proper selection
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2
Q

protective equipment

A
  • simple to fit and maintain
  • be durable and reliable
  • not be extremely expensive
  • minimal functional interference (they have to be able to do their job while wearing it)
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3
Q

what are the 4 principles of protective equipment?

A
  1. deflection
  2. dissipation
  3. deformation
  4. absorption
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4
Q

deflection

A
  • a turning aside or off course
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5
Q

what properties are important in deflecting force away from the body?

A
  • hard
  • rounded
    -smooth
  • ridges
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6
Q

dissipation

A

to cause to spread thin or scatter and gradually vanish
- disperse focal force over a larger surface
- layers
- various materials

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7
Q

deformation

A

alteration of form or shape
- change in shape or structure (cantilever pads)
- may blow apart @ high force (bike helmet)

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8
Q

what is a cantilever pad?

A

a metal piece in football pads that basically allows for when force comes down it will bend and then make the force go outwards instead of straight down on you

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9
Q

absorption

A
  • to receive without recoil or echo
    materials:
  • felt
    -foam
    (open or closed cell)
  • air
    -fluid
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10
Q

increased density

A

greater resistance @ high force (used more for protection)

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11
Q

decreased density

A

more absorption @ lower force
- like a sponge
-better absorption at lower forces
- these are more for comfort.

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12
Q

absorption materials: felt

A
  • made from matted wool fibers
    -less tendency to shift or move over skin
    -absorbs fluids (sweat, blood, etc)
  • not very resilient
    -must be replaced daily
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13
Q

absorption materials

A
  1. felt
  2. foam
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14
Q

open cell foam

A
  • like sponge
  • low resilience- doesn’t bounce back fast
  • used to pad bony prominences
  • used to protect skin under hard edges of protective equipment
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15
Q

who might be people that would use open foam materials?

A

athletes in contact sports who might be hit multiple times usually wear this type of equipment.

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16
Q

closed cell foam

A
  • used primarily for protection (air can not pass from one to another)
  • high resilience-material rebounds and returns to its original shape quickly
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17
Q

where would closed cell foam most likely be found?

A
  • inside of football helmets
  • it bounces back right away
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18
Q

fitting equipments

A
  1. mold to body part
  2. allow function
  3. allow for quick removal in emergencies
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19
Q

fitting helmets

A
  • you want to have wet hair
  • 1-2 finger widths above eye brow
    -covers occiput and entire skull
  • mask 2-3 finger width from nose (good vision and for protecting your face)
  • snug to chin (2 vs 4 point)
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20
Q

what can fit be altered by?

A
  1. temperature
  2. hair length
  3. deterioration of internal padding
  4. loss of air (air bladder helmet)
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21
Q

why is a good fit important?

A
  1. protection
  2. ability to play
  3. prevent injuries
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22
Q

shoulder pads - general sizing

A
  • inner padding covers shoulders and cups deltoid
  • neck unrestrictive
  • lacing sung but unrestrictive
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23
Q

modifying equipment

A
  • any modifications should be done according to the manufactures specification and should not alter the fit of the original equipment
  • modification should not increase stress or damage to original material (no drilling, cutting, slicing!)
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24
Q

what do you need to think about in sport specific equipment analysis

A
  • biomechanics of body parts
    -individual activity level
  • specific protection/performance demands
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25
Q

what is equipment protecting against?

A
  1. people (high mass/low velocity. slow compared to throwing a baseball for example
  2. projectiles (low mass/high velocity
26
Q

what is a football helmet

A
  • high mass/ low velocity
  • hard smooth outer shell with absorbing inner liners (air/closed cell)
    (plastic/polycarbonate)
  • will have different mask depending on position
27
Q

football shoulder pads

A
  • protect shoulders and limit force to lateral acromion
  • shell of hard, smooth plastic (for deflection)
  • layers of soft padding under outer shell - held away from AC like a cantilever
  • dissipation
  • deformation
  • absorption
28
Q

hockey helmet

A
  • high velocity/low mass (puck ) and low velocity/ high mass (player)
  • hard shell with high density inner lining
    -open and close cell foam combination
    -full cage or half visor
29
Q

goalie mask

A
  • high velocity.low mass (puck) and minimal low velocity/high mass
  • hard shell with ridges (deflection)
  • open and close cell foam combination (absorption)
30
Q

hockey shoulder pads

A
  • designed with overlapping cup to protect clavicle and deltoid from lateral contact (dissipation)
  • chest portion usually felt or nylon and foam (absorption)
31
Q

hockey and baseball shin pads

A
  • molded plastic to cover knees and shins (foot for baseball) (deflection/deformation)
  • some articulation around knee (allows greater freedom)
  • layer4ed nylon/foam or felt lining (absorption)
32
Q

baseball helmet

A
  • low mass/high velocity (pitch)
  • hard round plastic (deflection)
  • ear protection
  • designed to protect from focal impact (dissipate and absorb force)
  • up to batter to turn face away (some little leagues use face shield)
33
Q

baseball chest protector

A
  • soft foam - should be form fitting with no gaps
    -heart guard - extra layers
34
Q

catchers masks

A
  • protection from ball and bat splinters

conventional
- poor vision and jaw padding
- minimal ridges

hockey style
- better vision and protection (deflection)
- problems
- hot - wearing in hot weather
- heavy
-hard to flip off

35
Q

lacrosse helmet

A
  • similar protective principles as hockey helmet
  • high velocity/low mass and low velocity / high mass
  • sits off crown of head
  • mask farther from face for increased visibility
  • visor peak for sun
36
Q

biking/inline skating helmet

A
  • outer designed for one massive impact at high velocity
  • deformation (hopefully it will break upon impact)
  • foam inner lining (absorption/comfort)
  • peaked front and back to protect face and occiput
37
Q

bike/inline skating wrist gaurds

A
  • rigid plastic over open cell foam
  • deflects impact of FOOSH (absorption)
38
Q

FOOSH

A

fall
on
outstretched
hand

39
Q

two major shapes of a shoe

A
  1. straight lasted shoe
    (pretty much the straight line down the middle of it)
  2. curved lasted shoe
40
Q

LASTS

A
  • external last (shape) is the form on which the shoe is constructed
  • internal last (construction) is there interference between the foot and the midsole
41
Q

slip last

A

gives the foot a ton of flexibility (i.e. for ballet, bare-foot running trail shoes, climbing)

42
Q

flat feet

A
  • put them on a board arch
43
Q

last shape-internal

A
  1. slip lasting
  2. board lasting
44
Q

slip lasting

A
  • solid line of stitching down center of shoe
    -increased flexibility
  • neutral or any kind of shoe that require flexibility
45
Q

board lasting

A
  • solid board stitched to upper of shoe
    -increased torsional resistance to pronation
  • better interface for orthotics
46
Q

anatomy of the shoe

A
  1. upper
  2. midsole
  3. outsole
  4. heel counter
47
Q

upper part of shoe

A
  • all components above the mid sole
  • nylon, mesh leather, synthetics
  • contains mid foot control technologies
  • conforms to bony abnormalities
  • whole point of the upper part of the shoe is to either conform to the foot or protect the foot
48
Q

midsole of the shoe

A
  • between upper and outsole
  • shock absorption vs. motion control/controlling motion
    -densities depend on sport and foot type
  • absence of midsole in some shoes that require better “feel” or ball control
49
Q

what is the midsole material?

A
  • polyurethane, EVA, and compressed EVA
  • pu contains heavier runners (a little bit denser, this is the controller)
  • tapered from heel to toe, with thickest portion under the heel
  • EVA is lighter - when compressed, it has increased durability (shock absorber)
50
Q

outsole

A
  • protective layer on bottom
  • protection, durability, flexibility, traction
    -use of different rubbers and other materials specific to sport
51
Q

heel counter

A
  • the stiff material at the back of the shoe built to resist motion in the ankle. more pronation needs stiffer heel counter.
  • there to hold the back of your foot on the base of the shoe.
  • squeeze to see how firm
  • at the top of the heel counter is an ankle collar which is intended to protect/cushion the ankle and achilles tendon
52
Q

how do you fix a too wide shoe?

A
  • can be filled with felt or a heel cap
53
Q

footwear fit

A
  • to test width, place full weight on shoe. pushing thumbs together over top of shoe should produce a ripple.
  • the toe box end of the shoe should be 1-1.5cm from end of longest toe
54
Q

how do you tell if a shoe fits right when pressing down on it?

A
    1. if there are too many ripples the shoe is too wide.
      -2. if it does not produce a ripple at all it is too tight
55
Q

what are shoe (last) classified as?

A
  1. straight
  2. curved
  3. semi-curved
56
Q

rigid (cavus) foot

A
  • curved last with sufficient cushioning
  • someone with a rigid foot means they have a high arch
57
Q

mobile (flat) foot

A
  • straight last
58
Q

fitting heel to forefoot height

A
  • important with rigid cavus foot or forefoot pain.
  • too high a heel will increase force on forefoot, which is not designed to absorb extra energy
  • lower heel will allow energy to be taken throughout full foot.
  • look for shoe with only a slight difference in height
  • think of an areo bar
59
Q

neutral cushioning - neutral foot/high arch

A
  • single density midsole
  • thermoplastic heel counter
    -mild torsional rigidity
  • proprietary cushioning (EVA)
  • slip and curve lasted
  • used for “normal”, neutral asymptomatic population
60
Q

stability shoes - mild over-prontors

A
  • thermosplastic heel counter
  • double density midsole-PU
  • moderate/extreme torsional rigidity (will stop the rotation)
  • midfoot control
  • curved last
  • board lasted
  • think of a skore bar
61
Q

motion control shoe - severe over-pronators/flat feet

A
  • thermosplastic heel counter
  • triple density midsole
  • medial and laterally posted
  • extreme torsional rigidity
  • midf oot control
  • board lasted
  • straight lasted
  • kinda like a tix bar
  • will be very hard to bend

athletic injuries 2036 (20 decks)

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