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CARIOLOGY > Lecture 1 (Part 2 - Caries Etiology, Pathogenesis and Modifying Factors of Dental Caries) > Flashcards

Lecture 1 (Part 2 - Caries Etiology, Pathogenesis and Modifying Factors of Dental Caries) Flashcards

1
Q

Pellicle formation

A

Stage 1

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2
Q

Formation of an acellular layer

A

Stage 1

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3
Q

early colonization

A

Stage 2

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4
Q

Initial attachment

A

Stage 2

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5
Q

Irreversible attachment

A

Stage 3

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6
Q

Early maturation

A

Stage 4

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7
Q

Bacterial complexity increases creating anaerobic zones, food chains are established and an increased range of receptor sites for bacterial attachments.

A

Stage 4

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8
Q

Cell division and recruitment of new bacteria also allows the bacterial population to increase

A

Stage 4

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9
Q

also called maturation II

A

Stage 5

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10
Q

Mosaic microenvironments develop, particularly areas of different pH, oxygen concentrations and secondary metabolite accumulations around microcolonies.

A

Stage 5

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11
Q

The plaque microbial ecology reaches a pseudo-steady state climax community where there is constant turnover of cells but the overall composition remains the same.

A

Stage 5

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12
Q

Biogeography of a human oral microbiome at the micron scale

A

Mature Dental Biofilm

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13
Q

Dispersion

A

Stage 6

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14
Q

Enzymes that degrade the biofilm (such as dispersin B) allow some bacteria to detach themselves from the biofilm (sometimes in response to a deleterious environmental condition) in order to spread and colonize new surfaces in the oral cavity.

A

Stage 6

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15
Q

Classical microbiological techniques have estimated that plaque contains ____ distinct oral species

A

800

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16
Q

Classical microbiological techniques have estimated that plaque contains 800 distinct oral species and a healthy individual possesses ____ different species at any one time.

A

50-100

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17
Q

a new powerful molecular technique analyzing ribosomal RNA

A

Pyrosequencing

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18
Q

Pyrosequencing has estimated at least ____ phylotypes.

A

19,000

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19
Q

Microorganisms and host are in a symbiotic relationship.

A

pH is Neutral

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20
Q

There is a natural balance between the dental plaque and the tooth surface (and oral fluids)

A

pH is Neutral

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21
Q

Various species live in a co-operative, physiological equilibrium in biofilm through a complex interaction of synergism and antagonism

A

pH is Neutral

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22
Q

Acid-sensitive microorganisms like S, sanguinis are thriving. They keep acid production low and increase remineralization.

A

pH is Neutral

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23
Q

The small amount of acid produced is buffered by bicarbonates and phosphates in the oral fluids.

A

pH is Neutral

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24
Q

The small amount of acid produced is buffered by ____ and ____ in the oral fluids.

A

bicarbonates and phosphates

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25
Q

A dynamic equilibrium exists between the mineral contents of the tooth and the oral fluid* with the mineral content in the HA crystal being equal to that of the oral fluid

A

pH is Neutral

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26
Q

The HA crystals dissolve minimally and releases calcium (Ca2+), phosphate (PO43-), and hydroxyl ions (OH-)

A

pH is Neutral

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27
Q

is metabolized by bacteria

A

sugar

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28
Q

main energy generating pathway in all bacteria

A

by glycolysis

29
Q

The by-product of glycolysis is

A

lactic acid

30
Q

KEY FEATURES OF DENTAL CARIES:

A
  • Multifactorial etiology
  • Site-specific disease
  • Time-dependent dynamic disease process modified
    by protective factors
31
Q

is a highly localized and complex process which occurs in areas of stagnation where plaque can accumulate undisturbed.

A

Dental caries

32
Q

Each tooth site represents a unique environment that influences plaque:

A
  • composition
  • metabolic status
  • thickness
32
Q

The early stages of dental caries can be prevented, reversed or arrested, primarily through the elimination or modification of etiological factors and/or by enhancing protective factors.

TRUE OR FALSE

A

TRUE

33
Q

Give Etiological Factors:

A
  • dietary
  • microbial
34
Q

Give Protective Factors:

A
  • Fluoride
  • Sealants
  • Salivary Stimulation
35
Q

What are Low Concentration:

A
  • Decrease rate of enamel demineralization
  • Increased rate of enamel remineralization
  • Inhibition of microbial enzyme systems
36
Q

What are High Concentration:

A
  • Formation of CaF2
  • Concentrates in incipient lesions
  • Bactericidal effects
37
Q

Decrease rate of enamel demineralization

A

Low Concentration

38
Q

Increased rate of enamel remineralization

A

Low Concentration

39
Q

Inhibition of microbial enzyme systems

A

Low Concentration

40
Q

Formation of CaF2

A

High Concentration

41
Q

Concentrates in incipient lesions

A

High Concentration

42
Q

Bactericidal effects

A

High Concentration

42
Q

Provides the driving force to penetrate the dental biofilm adjacent to the tooth surface

A

High Concentration

43
Q

What are the Main Etiological Factors:

A
  • Tooth location and morphology
  • Dental biofilm microorganisms with acidogenic and aciduric properties
  • Frequent dietary exposure to fermentable carbohydrates
  • Salivary flow rate
44
Q

Caries as an infectious disease vs caries is a

A

lifestyle disease

45
Q

is a complex, multifactorial disease

A

Caries

46
Q

It cannot be controlled simply by eliminating one type of microorganism or a matter of improving host resistance

A

Caries

47
Q

caries are formed

A

Demineralization

48
Q

No caries

A

Remineralization

49
Q

Predominance of cariogenic bacteria in biofilm.

what factor?

A

Pathological Factors

50
Q

Sub-normal saliva flow and or function.

what factor?

A

Pathological Factors

51
Q

Frequent eating/drinking of fermentable carbohydrates

what factor?

A

Pathological Factors

52
Q

Poor oral hygiene

what factor?

A

Pathological Factors

53
Q

Predominance of non-cariogenic bacteria.

what factor?

A

Protective Factors

54
Q

Increased saliva flow and composition.

what factor?

A

Protective Factors

55
Q

Frequent exposure to fluoride.

what factor?

A

Protective Factors

56
Q

Good oral hygiene

what factor?

A

Protective Factors

57
Q

Give “Limit Substrate”

A
  • Substantially reduce sucrose from diet
  • Eliminate sucrose from between meal snacks
58
Q

Modify Microflora:

A
  • Bactericidal mouthrinses (chlorhexidine)
  • Topical fluoride treatments
  • Antibiotic treatment (vancomycin, tetracycline,
    polymyxin)
59
Q

What is chlorhexidine?

A

Bactericidal mouthrinses

60
Q

vancomycin, tetracycline,
polymyxin are ____

A

Antibiotic treatment

61
Q

PLAQUE DISRUPTION/REMOVAL:

A
  • Brushing
  • Flossing
  • Other oral hygiene aids (water piks, interdental brushes)
62
Q

MODIFY TOOTH SURFACES:

A
  • Systemic Fluoride
  • Topical Fluoride application
  • PRR
  • Enameloplasty
  • Prophylactic Odontotomy
62
Q

STIMULATE SALIVARY FLOW:

A

Sugarless chewing gums (Xylitol)

63
Q

RESTORE TOOTH SURFACES:

A
  • Restore all cavitated lesions
  • Seal pit and fissures at caries risk
  • Correct all defects (marginal crevices, cervical
    overhangs
64
Q

ECOLOGICAL APPROACHES TO CARIES PREVENTION

A
  • Antimicrobial Peptides (AMPs)
  • Probiotics
  • Prebiotics
  • Sugar Polyols
  • Quorum-sensing Targets
  • Natural Products
  • Replacement Therapy with “Designer” Bacteria
65
Q

OTHER ECOLOGICAL APPROACHES TO CARIES PREVENTION:

A
  • Nanoparticles
  • Graphene oxide
  • Ceramic water

CARIOLOGY (8 decks)

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