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Organ Systems III MTI Neuroanatomy > Lecture 1: Overview of Neuroanatomy > Flashcards

Lecture 1: Overview of Neuroanatomy Flashcards

1
Q

T/F?

The notochord develops into the CNS

A

FALSE. Neural tube becomes CNS.

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2
Q

T/F?

The neural plate differentiates from the central part of the ectoderm and then forms the neural tube in week 4.

A

TRUE

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3
Q

Which of these refers to neural tube differentiation by BMP? Shh?
A. Highest conc. is on dorsal side
B. Associated with motor neural tissue development
C. Derived from ectoderm.
D. Derived from notochord

A

A. BMP (bone morphogenetic protein)
B. Shh (Sonic hedgehog)
C. BMP
D. Shh

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4
Q

Describe Primary Neurulation.

A

Columnarization of epithelium/ectoderm (= neural plate)
Rolling/folding of epithelium
Neural folds fuse to form neural tube

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5
Q

Describe Secondary Neurulation.

A

Condensation of mesenchyme to form a rod/cord
Separate structure from ectoderm
Cord hollows out to form neural tube

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6
Q

Where do primary and secondary neurulation occur?

A

Secondary - sacral region of spinal cord

Primary - rest of spinal cord

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7
Q

What is the sequence of neural tube closure?

When does it happen developmentally?

A

Five separate waves of closure during days 19-21

  1. brain stem and upper spinal cord
  2. top of skull
  3. face
  4. back of neck/occiput
  5. sacrum
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8
Q

What need to close for complete CNS formation?

A

Rostral and caudal neuropores

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9
Q

What results from failure of wave 2 closure?

A

Anencephaly

lack of cerebrum and skull formation with only brain stem intact

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10
Q

What results from incomplete closure of caudal neuropore, located at the junction of waves 1 and 5?

A

Spina bifida

Incomplete formation of both the spinal cord and the overlying vertebrae which remain unfused and open

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11
Q

What are the types of spina bifida? Which type is the most severe?

A
  1. Occulta - no SPs form, mild
  2. Meningocele (most severe) - spinal cord out of body, very vulnerable
  3. Myelomeningocele
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12
Q

Neural tube becomes…

A

Spinal canal and ventricles of brain stem and cerebral hemispheres

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13
Q

Another name for midbrain?

A

Mesencephalon

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14
Q

What structures are in the hindbrain? (common name/fancy name)

A 
Pons = metencephalon
Medulla = Myelencephalon
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15
Q

Telencephalon becomes

A

Cerebral hemispheres (inc. eyes)

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16
Q

Diencephalon becomes

A

thalamus, hypothalamus, epithalamus

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17
Q

Forebrain is comprised of

A

telencephalon and diencephalon

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18
Q

Describe the flexures by rostral/caudal folding during brain development

A

Pontine flexure = creates 4th ventricle; pons enlarges; cerebellum derived from edge of pons
Cephalic flexure = cranial base flexion to point eyes forward

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19
Q

Cephalic flexure is present at ___ wks

A

3

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20
Q

Enlargement of all brain areas and budding of CNs at ___ wks

A

7

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21
Q

Continued enlargement and folding at ___ wks. Forebrain takes on appearance of cerebral hemispheres.

A

11

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22
Q

Describe the function of three horns that make up gray matter

A

Dorsal - visceral and somatic sensory nuclei
Ventral - somatic motor nuclei
Lateral - autonomic efferent nuclei (preganglionic sympathetic)

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23
Q

These tracts within the spinal cord carry sensory information to the brain
Located in between dorsal horns and along the periphery of spinal cord

A

Ascending tracts

24
Q

These tracts within the spinal cord carry commands to motor neurons
Located lateral to dorsal horns and in between ventral horns

A

Descending tracts

25
What are Rexed's lamina?
Functionally specific areas of gray matter.
26
What is the function of the dorsal horns?
Dorsal horns - Sensory Afferents carry tactile, proprioceptive, pain and temperature sensations to neurons for somatosensory processing/integration
27
What information is carried by 2nd order neurons and where does this info go?
2nd order neurons send information up dorsal column to local spinal areas as well as to brain stem and thalamus
28
What is the function of the intermediate area in between dorsal and ventral horns?
Intermediate - ANS symp and parasymp | Site of preganglionic autonomic neurons (visceral motor)
29
What is the function of the ventral horns?
Ventral horns - Motor | Efferent motor neurons project to skel. muscle groups
30
What are funiculi? What are fasciculi?
``` Funiculi = Bundles of axons located within white matter Fasciculi = Same but smaller ```
31
How are funiculi organized spatially in the spinal cord?
Separated into dorsal, ventral, and lateral funiculi
32
What forms spinal tracts?
Regions of axons of ascending and descending vertically-oriented neurons located within funiculi
33
What are the spinal tracts located in the dorsal funiculus and what do they do?
Cuneate and gracile fasciculi | Carry tactile info to brain stem and thalamus (ascending sensory)
34
What are the spinal tracts located in the lateral funiculus and what do they do?
Lateral corticospinal tract - major desc. motor tract from cortex Spinocerebellar tracts (ventral and dorsal) - tactile and proprioceptive info to cerebellum Anterolateral system - pain and temp info to thalamus
35
What are the spinal tracts located in the ventral funiculus and what do they do?
Anterior (ventral) corticospinal tract - desc. motor from cortex Vestibular and reticulospinal tracts - desc. motor from brain stem
36
What is the propriospinal tract and where is it located?
Wraps around the periphery of gray matter | Interconnects various spinal levels
37
Structures and functions of brain stem
``` Pons, medulla, midbrain Regulatory (resp, cardio, GI) CNs Sensory and motor pathways reticular formation swallowing, vomiting, bladder ```
38
Structures and functions of cerebellum
Cerebellar peduncles - input/output tracts bet cerebellum and pons Muscle coord., motor planning, procedural memory, balance, timing/coordination, eye movements, emotional/visceral
39
Structures and functions of midbrain
Substantia nigra - dopamine modulation of motor control Colliculi Superior - vision (eyes superior to ears) Inferior - hearing Red nucleus - part of descending pathway Periaqueductal grey (PAG) - regulates pain/stress responses Peduncle, cerebral - sensory and motor pathways to/from spinal cord, brain stem, and cortex SCRPP - solitary confinement rots people's personalities
40
The diencephalon is a part of the ______ brain and has these regions
Part of forebrain Regions: Thalamus - process & distribute sensory/motor info to/from cerebral cortex Hypothalamus - paired structures flanking 3rd ventricle Epithalamus - contains pineal gland
41
The thalamus contains many nuclei. Describe their organization and function.
Groups of areas containing many nuclei that each interact ("dialogue") with different areas of the cerebral cortex. Dorsal, ventral, lateral, medial, anterior, posterior, geniculate bodies, reticular nucleus etc.
42
Describe the nuclei of the hypothalamus.
Strong regions (blobs of nuclei) of control over visceral systems (water balance, thirst, body temp, b.p., satiety, GI, shivering) Also controls behavior and communicates with motor system (put on sweater, get drink)
43
What hormones does the pituitary secrete?
FSH, LH, GH, ACTH, TSH, Oxytocin, ADH
44
How are the anterior and posterior pituitary different embryologically?
Ant. pit (adenohypophysis) from ectoderm roof of mouth, Rathke's pouch Post. pit - from neural tube; infundibulum
45
What connects the anterior and posterior pituitary?
blood vessels; communicate via blood
46
What is the connection between the hypothalamus and the anterior pituitary?
Hyp - Ant Pit = portal system of vessels extend from Hyp. to Ant. Pit.
47
Which of these is NOT a function of the frontal lobe? a) Ideas, feelings, behaviors, associations b) Primary motor cortex, premotor and supplementary motor cortex c) Wernicke's language area d) Reasoning
C. Wernicke's language area = parietal lobe, not frontal Frontal lobe has Broca's speech area
48
Which of these ARE functions of the parietal lobe? a) Sense of self/ego b) Receives sensory info from skin, musculoskeletal system, viscera, and taste buds, sensory association c) Proprioception d) Somatosensory cortex (primary, secondary)
ALL
49
T/F: The temporal lobe's only functions are related to auditory processing
True. Contains auditory cortex and auditory association area
50
Which of these are NOT a function of the occipital lobe? a) visual association b) visual cortex (primary, secondary) c) face recognition d) associated with arousal/attention
C. face recognition is not a function of occipital lobe | D. arousal/attention function of reticular formation
51
What are insula? Describe location and function
Medial to frontal/temporal lobes along lateral sulcus Gustatory cortex - taste Olfactory cortex - smell Visceral, emotional, gut feelings
52
Reticular formation, T or F? A. Nuclei along lateral edge of brain stem. B. Neurons receive general sensory input. C. Project to cortex. D. Assoc w/ arousal, attention, motivation, wakefulness
A. False. Medial axis of brain stem. B. True C. False. Project to cortex, limbic structures and spinal cord D. True
53
What are the parts and what is the configuration of the limbic system?
C-shaped cluster of structures that extends into temporal lobe H - Hippocampus A - Amygdala T - Thalamic nuclei (anterior and medial dorsal) C - Cortex (Orbital and medial prefrontal cortex) G - Gyri (Cingulate gyrus, Parahippocampal gyrus) S - Ventral striatum (Help a tired cranky girl smile)
54
What aspects are controlled by the limbic system?
Personality, values, mood, likes/dislikes, memory, emotions
55
____________ interconnect cortical regions of the brain. | Give examples.
White matter axon bundles Sup longitudinal & occipitofrontal fasciculi - connect cortices along longitudinal axis Arcuate fibers - connect local gyri Corpus callosum - connects R & L hemispheres
56
What is the connection between the hypothalamus and the posterior pituitary?
Hyp - Post Pit = neurosecretory neuronal axons extend from Hyp. into post pit to release hormones into the blood

Organ Systems III MTI Neuroanatomy (5 decks)

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