Lecture 1: Overview of Immunology

Question 1

Antigen (Ag)

Answer 1

substance that can be recognized by an Ab (any macromolecule)

Question 2

Antibody (Ab)

Answer 2

immune protein which recognizes Ags

Question 3

Epitope/antigenic determinant

Answer 3

part of Ag recognized by Ab

Question 4

Immunogen

Answer 4

Ags that illicit an immune response (IR)

Question 5

Hapten

Answer 5

very small Ag that does not trigger an IR

Question 6

All immunogens are ___, but not all ___ are immunogens

Answer 6

Ag, Ags

Question 7

What are the primary fixed elements of the IS?

Answer 7

Bone marrow and thymus

Question 8

What are the secondary fixed elements of the IS?

Answer 8

spleen, LNs, mucosa

Question 9

What are mobile elements of IS?

Answer 9

Circulating immune cells & humoral proteins

Question 10

Describe specificity, diversity, memory, and speed of innate IS

Answer 10

Specificity: very common microbial Ags (PAMPs) and molecules from damaged host cells (DAMPs)

Diversity: very little; directly encoded in DNA

Memory: none

Speed: fast (hours)

Question 11

Describe specificity, diversity, memory, and speed of Adaptive IS

Answer 11

Specificity: unique Ags

Diversity: massive; created by recombination

Memory: yes

Speed: slow (days)

Question 12

List the cellular/chemical barriers and the humoral components of the Innate IS

Answer 12

Cellular/chem barriers: physical barriers - skin or GI tract, antimicrobial peptides

Humoral components: non-Ab proteins; complement; APP; antimicrobial peptides, cytokines

Question 13

List the cellular/chemical barriers and the humoral components of the Adaptive IS

Answer 13

Cellular/chem barriers: lymphocytes in tissues, secrete Abs

Humoral components: Ab proteins and cytokines

Question 14

Which cells are innate immune cells?

Answer 14

Neutrophils

Monocytes/macrophages

DCs

Mast cells, Basophils, and Eosinophils

Question 15

What is the most numerous leukocyte?

Answer 15

Neutrophils

• bone marrow/G-CSF
• phagocytic
• granulocyte
• aka PMN

Question 16

Which leukocyte is an APC, phagocytic, and an agranulocyte?

Answer 16

Monocyte (blood) /Macrophage (tissue)

• bone marrow/M-CSF

Question 17

What is the most potent stimulator of T cells?

Answer 17

Dendritic cells

• phagocytic
• APC
• 2 types: myeloid & plasmacytoid

Question 18

Which type of cells provide the best protection from helminthes and mediation of allergies? (think general category)

Answer 18

Granulocytes

• mast cells, basophils, eosinophils
• antimicrobial peptides –> all 3
• increase vascular permeability –> mast cells and basophils

Question 19

Which lymphocyte of the Adaptive IS responds to extracellular Ags?

Answer 19

B lymphocytes

• cell maturation in bone marrow
• effector mechanism = Ab mediated effects

Question 20

Which lymphocyte of the Adaptive IS responds to intracellular Ags?

Answer 20

T lymphocytes

• mature in thymus
• also respond to phagocytized Ags
• effector mechanism: induced apoptosis & macrophage activation

Question 21

Which of the following best describes clonal expansion in adaptive IRs?

a) increased # of different lymphocyte clones, each clone specific for a different Ag during the course of an infection
b) increased # of lymphocytes w/ ID specificities, all derived from a single lymphocyte stimulated by a single Ag
c) increased # of different lymphocyte clones, each clone specific for a different Ag during th development of the IS, before exposure to the Ag
d) increased # of lymphocytes with ID specificies, all derived from a single lymphocyte due to nonspecific stimuli from the innate IS
3) increased size of lymphocytes of a single clone due to Ag-induced activation of cells

Answer 21

B