Lecture 1: Overview of Immune Responses

Question 1

Cellular innate components

Answer 1

Phagocytes (macrophages, neutrophils), dendritic cells, NK cells, Monocytes, Mast Cells, Eosinophils, Basophils

PMN (neutrophil)
Mononuclear phagocytes (monocyte & macrophages)
Granulocytes: neutrophil, eosinophil, basophil, mast cells

Question 2

Steps in functional response of phagocytes

Answer 2

chemokine: recruitment from blood to site of infection
receptor: recognition and activation by microbes
Form phagosome - ingest microbe via phagocytosis
Destruction of ingested microbes

Question 3

Function of cytokines

Answer 3

Regulate growth and differentiation of all immune cells

Activate the effector functions of lymphocytes/phagocytes

Question 4

Reactivity to self for innate and/or adaptive immunity?

Answer 4

None

Question 5

Humoral innate components

Answer 5

Complements, APPs, cytokines, chemokines

Question 6

T or F: Innate immune system exists before infection

Answer 6

True

Question 7

Cells communicate through

Answer 7

Direct cell-cell contact and through interactions involving cytokines and chemokines

Question 8

Macrophage maturation stages

Answer 8

Monocytes enter the blood circulation and migrate into tissues, where they further mature into macrophages, especially during inflammation

Question 9

Each cytokine acts via

Answer 9

Specific signaling receptor expressed on target cell

Question 10

Phagocytes include

Answer 10

Neutrophils and macrophages

Question 11

Macrophages produced where and stimulated by

Answer 11

Produced in bone marrow, stimulated by M-CSF

Question 12

Adaptive immunity

Answer 12

Longer to develop
Highly specific
Shows memory

Question 13

How does innate immune system respond after repeated exposures to Ag

Answer 13

Same way every time

Question 14

Phagocytes

Answer 14

Ability to ingest and digest microbes (innate)

Question 15

Dendritic cell function

Answer 15

Potent stimulators of T cells to induce adaptive immunity
Can divide to myeloid DCs and plasmacytoid DCs
Also include langerhans cells

Question 16

Mast cell location/function

Answer 16

Common at sites in the body exposed to external environment (skin)
Close proximity to blood vessels
Can release mediators to modulate behavior of nearby cells

Question 17

Neutrophils are produced where and production is stimulated by what

Answer 17

In the bone marrow, stimulated by granulocyte colony stimulating factor (G-CSF)

Question 18

Response to intracellular infections

Answer 18

Cytotoxic T cells
NK T cells
Macrophages/phagocytes

Question 19

Innate immune cells include

Answer 19

Phagocytes
Natural killer cells
Blood components

Question 20

Specificity of innate immunity is for

Answer 20

Ags shared by groups of related microbes and molecules produced by damaged host cells

Question 21

Neutrophil life span

Answer 21

Circulate in blood for few hours to few days

Question 22

What is an antibody

Answer 22

Protein produced by immune system when it detects antigens

Question 23

Activated phagocytes secrete

Answer 23

Cytokines or promote or regulate immune responses

Question 24

Diversity of innate immunity

Answer 24

Limited- germline encoded

Question 25

Specificity of adaptive immunity is for

Answer 25

Microbial and non-microbial antigens

Question 26

Response to extracellular infections

Answer 26

Polymorphonuclear cells PMNs (Neutrophils/phagocytes)
Antibodies
Complement

Question 27

Cytokines

Answer 27

Cell signaling molecules that aid cell to cell communication in immune response

Question 28

Innate immune system recognizes

Answer 28

Common Ags belonging to groups of related microbes.

Do not distinguish fine differences between microbes

Question 29

T cell receptors recognize

Answer 29

Linear amino acid sequence

Question 30

What mediates the earliest phases of inflammatory reactions

Answer 30

Neutrophils (polymorphonuclear leukocytes)

Question 31

Dendritic cells do what and function in what type of immunity

Answer 31

Comprise a diverse group of antigen presenting cells.

Function in innate immunity

Question 32

Macrophages function in what type of immunity

Answer 32

Both innate and adaptive immunity. They can assume specialized phenotypes depending on the tissue in which they reside

Question 33

Acute phase proteins APP

Answer 33

Group of blood proteins whose plasma concentraions change in response to tissue injury, acute infections, burns or inflammation (Part of Innate immune system)

Question 34

What is an epitope

Answer 34

A portion of an antigen to which the antibody binds

Can be multiple on one antigen

Question 35

Mast cell, basophils and eosinophils type of immunity

Answer 35

Innate and adaptive immune responses
Protect against helminthes and reactions causing allergic disease
Have cytoplasmic granules filled with various inflammatory and antimicrobial mediators

Question 36

Innate immunite

Answer 36

Rapid
Causes acute inflammation
Some specificity for Ag
No memory

Question 37

Immunogens are

Answer 37

Antigens that can stimulate an immune response

Question 38

Haptens are

Answer 38

Small antigens that can bind Abs but do not initiate immune response

Question 39

Antimicrobial peptides are

Answer 39

Small peptides which target pathogenic organsims

Question 40

What are antigens

Answer 40

Substances that induce an immune response

i.e. proteins, carbs, lipids and nucleic acids

Question 41

Diversity of adaptive immunity

Answer 41

Very diverse- receptors produced by somatic recombination of gene elements

Question 42

Complement system

Answer 42

A system of plasma proteins that enhances the ability of Abs and phagocytic cells to clear pathogens (innate immune system)

Question 43

Chemokines

Answer 43

Subfamily of cytokines secreted by immune cells to induce chemotaxis (movement) in nearby cells