Lecture 1 - Organic Chemistry Flashcards
What are the electronegativity trends?
As you go up, and from left to right, electronegativity increases. The opposite is true as electropositivity increases
An alkyl bonded to a hydoxyl group
alcohol
alkyl bonded to an amino group
amine
alkyl bonded to a halogen
halide
alkyl bonded to OR
ether
What is a dipole moment
Measure of the polarity of a bond, or molecule
mu=q*x
The dipole of a bond/molecule has the head of the arrow pointing towards the more electronegative atom
Functional group of an alcohol
OH
Functional group of an acid
carboxyl group (carbonyl group [C=O] bonded to a hydroxyl group)
Functional group of an amine
NH2, can be protonated
Functional group of an amide
Carboxyl group with an amine group substituted for the hydroxyl group
Aldehyde
Carbonyl group, carbonyl carbon bonded to a carbon and a hydrogen
Ketone
Carbonyl group, carbonyl carbon bound to two other carbons
Ester
Carbonyl group, carbonyl carbon bound to R and OR
Describe the delocalization of a peptide bond
Lone pair on the nitrogen moves to form a double bond, with the carbonyl carbon, leads to formal charge of 1 on the nitrogen.
One of the bonds in the double bond between the carbonyl carbon and the oxygen goes to the oxygen, creates formal charge of -1 on the oxygen.
What are the different types of isomers
Constitutional isomers –> Same molecular formula, differently linked
Stereoisomers –> different 3 dimensional orientation
cis/trans isomers –> change in orientation of substituents relative to the double bond
Enantiomers –> mirror image of the molecule
If the chiral center has 4 unique substituents, the molecule is chiral and has an enantiomer. If the chiral center as 3 unique substituents, it is achiral and symmetrical
