Lecture 1 Neuroplasticity and Motor Learning Flashcards
what is neuroplasticity?
The brain’s ability to reorganize itself by forming new neural connections in response to training and practice or to compensate for injury or disease
What are the factors of neuroplasticity-based motor learning?
- Repetition
- Neuroadaptive - task parameters to be continuously modified
- Attentionally engaging – task difficulty to be continually adjusted
- Rewarding (dopaminergic reward system)
engage noradrenergic novelty detection system
what are the factors of task-specific interventions?
- EXTENSIVE PRACTICE of a SPECIFIC task which should be a functional mobility task
- ADAPT treatments by changing the task and environmental conditions
- VARY the level of DIFFICULTY and progress
What are examples of task-specific training? what factors do you consider?
Sit to stand
- Surface height should be initially higher and then gradually lowered
- Sitting Surface
- Standing surface
- Stand to sit (eccentric control)
- With resistance (Manual, T-band)
- Transfer circle (STS while moving from chair to chair toward the involved side)
- Sit to walk
what is motor control?
It is defined as the ability to regulate the mechanisms essential to movement.
- second to second; minute to minute control of a muscle
what is motor skills?
Motor skills that require body, head and limb movements to achieve a goal.: Skill assumes both CONTROL, COORDINATION AND a GOAL
what is performance?
The behavioral act of executing a skill at a specific time and in a specific situation
what is motor learning?
Motor Learning is the acquisition of skills necessary to plan and execute a desired movement pattern for a given task
- day to day, week to week control of the muscles to perform an activity
Describe the open loop feedback system
- does NOT use feedback
- control center provides all the information for effectors to carry out movement
- no feedback to continue and terminate movement
Describe the closed-loop feedback system
- DOES use feedback
- control center issues information to effectors sufficient only to initiate movement
- relies on feedback to continue and terminate movement
Describe the Fitts and Posners Stages of Learning
- Cognitive Stage
- what to do
-instructive
-understanding the tasks and developing strategies
- large amount of attention - Associative Stage
- how to do
- reinforcement; use dependent
- selected the best strategy for the task and refines skills
-some attention required - Autonomous Stage
- how to succeed
- sensorimotor adaptation; use dependent
- automaticity in the skill
-low degree of attention required
What are the characteristics for promoting motor learning and transfer?
Person
- cognition, sensation/perception, motor function, impairments, comorbidities, health
Task
- goals, elements, attributes, mobility, stability, skill
Environment
- physical features
- regulatory
-nonregulatory
What are the current levels of neurorehabilitation interventions?
First Level
- top to bottom starting with restorative interventions that are designed to promote and restore optimal functional capacity.
Second level
- functional training (activity-based, task-oriented intervention); uses normal patterns to accomplish the task and motor learning strategies.
Final Level
- compensatory interventions in the presence of severe impairment. They are designed to promote optimal function using altered movement patterns and strategies using all body segments.
Motor Learning Mechanisms: Intructive (strategy based; explicit)
- primary driver: Performance-based external feedback (knowledge of performance)
- primary neural substrate involved: prefrontal cortex
- Cognitive load: high
Motor Learning Mechanisms: Reinforcement (reward-based)
- primary driver: outcome-based external feedback (knowledge of results; success based feedback)
- primary neural substrate involved: basal ganglia
- Cognitive load: moderate-high
