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Altered Physiology II > Lecture 1: Musculoskeletal 1 > Flashcards

Lecture 1: Musculoskeletal 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Structure + Formation of Bones

A

formation of RBC, attachment sites for muscles to facilitate movement, protection of vital organs, gives the human body form, mineral + hormonal homeostasis

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2
Q

Components in Bone Tissue

A

Components in Bone Tissue

cells, fibers, ground substance, crystallized minerals

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3
Q

Function of bone cells

A

enable bone to grow, repair, change, shape synthesize new bone tissue & reabsorb new tissue

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4
Q

Osteoblasts

A

formation of new bones
derived from mesenchymal stem cells
responds to parathyroid hormone (PTH)
synthesizes osteoids for the formation of new bones

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5
Q

Osteoclasts

A

breakdown of old bony tissue

from osteoblasts&raquo_space;»> osteoblasts

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6
Q

Elements of Bone Tissue

A

Rigid connective tissue

cells, fibers, ground substance, bone matrix, calcification

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7
Q

The 2 types of bone cells

A
  1. longitudinal long bone-cancellous (solid & spongy fiber) & contact bone
  2. compact bone
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8
Q

Collagen Fibers (bone matrix)

A

bulk of bone matrix
backbone of bony tissue
provides some strength

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9
Q

Proteoglycans (bone matrix)

A

strengthen bone

plays a role in calcium deposition & calcifications

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10
Q

Glycoproteins (bone matrix)

A

controls collagen interactions&raquo_space;> fibril formation

sialoprotein, osteocalcin, bone album, alpha-glycoprotein

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11
Q

bone minerals (bone matrix)

A

formation of initial mineral deposit, proliferation

calcium + phosphate

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12
Q

Number of bones in the body

A

206

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13
Q

Axial bones

A

skull, vertebrae

80

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14
Q

appendicular bones

A

peripheral bones, limbs, upper/lower extremities, shoulder girdle, pelvic girdle
(126)

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15
Q

Examples of long bones

A

diaphysis, metathesis, epiphysis, medullary (marrow) cavity, endosternum

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16
Q

Examples of Flat bones

A

skull, ribs, sternum, scapula

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17
Q

Examples of Short Bones

A

wrists and ankles

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18
Q

Examples of Irregular Bones

A

vertebrae, face, mandibles

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19
Q

What is bone remodeling?

A
  • repair of microscopic bone injuries
  • existing bone is reabsorbed and new bone is formed
  • *is a continual process - always happening**
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20
Q

The stages of bone repair

A
  1. inflammation/hematomas form
  2. pro callus formation
  3. callus formation (cartilage forms + crystallizes matrix)
  4. remodelling
21
Q

Joints (articulations)

A

sites where two or more bones meet

22
Q

The function of joints

A

Allow for motion and movement, provide stability

23
Q

Joint Classification based on mov: Synarthrosis

A

immovable

24
Q

Joint Classification based on mov: amphiarthrosis

A

freely moveable

25
Q

Joint Classification based on mov: amphiarthrosis

A

partially moveable

26
Q

Joint Structure: fibrous

A

joins bone to bone

suture, syndesmosis, gomphosis

27
Q

Joint Structure: Cartilaginous

A

symphysis & synchondrosis

28
Q

Joint Structure: synovial

A

joint capsule, synovial membrane fluid, joint cavity, synovial membrane, articular cartilage (provides lubrication for joint to facilitate

29
Q

joint capsule

A

fibrous tissue that encloses bone ends and other joint surfaces

30
Q

synovial membrane

A

The lining of a joint that secretes synovial fluid into the joint space.

31
Q

Joint cavity (synovial cavity)

A

small amount of synovial fluid which lubricates and bears weight
allows two bones to move against each other

32
Q

synovial fluid

A

Secretion of synovial membranes that lubricates joints and nourishes articular cartilage

33
Q

articular cartilage

A

hyaline cartilage that covers ends of bones in synovial joints
reduces friction, weight bearing
comprised of chondrocytes + intracellular matrix

34
Q

% composition of skeletal muscles

A

75 % water, 20% proteins, 5% organic + inorganic compounds

35
Q

Number of Muscle Fibers in the body + length

A

600, 2-60 cm long

36
Q

Layers of skeletal muscle

A

epimysium (outermost layer) perimysium (middle layer), endomysium (inner layer)

37
Q

function of skeletal muscles

A

motor units (functional unit of neuromuscular system), sensory receptors (spindles, Golgi tendon organs)

38
Q

muscle fibers (myofibrils)

A

fibers functional subunits

39
Q

muscle fibers (myoblasts)

A

precursor cells

main cell responsible for muscle growth + regeneration

40
Q

Contraction of Muscles

A

excitation
coupling, contraction
relaxation

41
Q

Metabolism of muscles

A

REQUIRES CONSTANT ATP + PHOSPHOCREATINE
glycogen + blood glycogen converted acerbically to sustain activity w/o increasing demand for o2

type 1 fibers can resist fatigue in comparison to type 2

42
Q

Muscle Mechanics: repetitive discharge

A

allows the muscle to activate the # of motor units needed to generate the desired force

43
Q

Muscle Mechanics: physiological tetanus

A

occurs when motor units are stimulated against the muscle unit that has not been able to relax between contractions

44
Q

Types of muscle contractions

A

concentric (muscle shortening), eccentric (muscle lengthening), isometric

45
Q

Types of muscle movement

A

antagonist (involuntary) and agonist (voluntary)

46
Q

Tendons

A

attach muscle to bone

47
Q

attach muscle to bone

A

Connect bone to bone

48
Q

osteoporosis

A

A condition in which the body’s bones become weak and break easily

49
Q

sarcopenia

A

the loss of muscle mass, strength, and function that comes with aging

Altered Physiology II (6 decks)

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