lecture 1 : introductory

Question 1

what might breathlessness be due to?

Answer 1

• lung disease - heart disease - pulmonary vascular disease - neuromuscular disease - systemic disorders , (aneamia, hypothyroidism ect.)

Question 2

* give examples of different airway diseases and small lung disorders:

Answer 2

*****

Question 3

what is the function of the nasal cavity?

Answer 3

• the nasal cavity exists to warm the air before it goes down into the lungs as cold air is an irritant

Question 4

what are the nerves to know of the nasal cavity?

Answer 4

-olfactory nerves - nasopalatine nerve - medial internal nasal - the anterior ethmoidal nerve

Question 5

**a diagram of the nasal cavity:

Answer 5

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Question 6

how many different paranasal sinuses are there and what are they called?

Answer 6

• 3 major ridges known as the choncha - the inferior, the middle and the superior

Question 7

**a lateral section of the nasal sinuses?

Answer 7

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Question 8

**a coronal section of nasal sinuses?

Answer 8

p

Question 9

**a horizontal section of the nasal sinuses?

Answer 9

p

Question 10

what are the functions of the sinuses?

Answer 10

• lightens the skull by increasing strength to weight ratio - acts as an insulator by trapping the warm air - acts as a resonating chamber for the voice - acts as a crumble zone to protect the brain in severe trauma

Question 11

**what is the structure of the pharynx?

Answer 11

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Question 12

what does the pharynx consist of? 3 parts?

Answer 12

• nasopharynx - oropharynx - laryngopharynx

Question 13

**what is an anterior view of the larynx?

Answer 13

p

Question 14

** what is a posterior view of the larynx?

Answer 14

p

Question 15

what is the bone in the larynx?

Answer 15

• this is the hyoid bone the only actual present bone

Question 16

what controls the volume and the pitch?

Answer 16

• controlled by the vocal ligaments which vibrate

Question 17

what is the trachea made up of?

Answer 17

• made up of around 20 rings of cartilage in horseshoe shapes into which the oesophagus can expand during peristalsis

Question 18

* what is a diagram the tracheobronchial tree?

Answer 18

pp

Question 19

what do the different levels of the bronchi do?

Answer 19

• primary bronchi go to the lungs - secondary bronchi are located in each lobe - tertiary bronchi go into the bronchopulmonary segments

Question 20

what tissues support the bronchi and the bronchioles?

Answer 20

• bronchi are supported by cartilage - bronchioles are supported by smooth muscle cells

Question 21

what is the corina?

Answer 21

the corvina is the name for the location of the bifurcation of the trachea into the bronchi - this happens at the 2nd CC

Question 22

how many lobes in the right and left lung?

Answer 22

right lung - 3 lobes left lung - 2 lobes

Question 23

**what can be seen on a radiograph of the lungs?

Answer 23

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Question 24

right lung

Answer 24

look at netter flash card for right lung

Question 25

left lung

Answer 25

look at netter flashcard for left lung

Question 26

what drives oxygen across the blood air barrier?

Answer 26

the difference in pressure of oxygen

if there is not enoug pressure difference the oxygen is not driven across

Question 27

what does breathing in do to the position of the diaphragm?

Answer 27

the centre of the dome bulges up because of pressure difference between pleural and abdominal cavities

Question 28

what nerve goes is afferent to the diaphragm?

Answer 28

the phrenic nerve

Question 29

the diaphragm?

Answer 29

The white part must be a tendon otherwise when the diaphragm contracts, the IVC would be crushed and we would die.

* T10 is the level at which the oesophagus pierces the diaphragm.

* The phrenic nerve originates at C3, 4, 5 and provides innervation to the diaphragm; without it, we would die as we wouldn’t breathe.

* The vagus nerve passes anteriorly to the heart, the phrenic nerve runs posteriorly to the heart.

* Breathing is carried out like a bucket-handle motion with lateral expansion.