Lecture 1- Introduction To Veterinary Anatomy Flashcards
What is anatomy?
This is a branch of science concerned with the form, placement and structure of cells, tissues and organs that compose the mammalian body.
Greek derivation of anatomy and meaning
Derivation
“Ana” which means up, and “tome” which means to cut
Meaning
To cut up
Derivation and meaning of dissection
Derivation
“Di” which means asunder, and “secare” which means to cut
Meaning
To cut apart or asunder
Derivation of veterinary
Latin word ”veterinarius”, which means beasts of burden, or farm animals.
Father of anatomy
Aristotle
When did anatomical studies begin?
4th century B. C.
What is veterinary medicine?
Veterinary medicine is the science or art of preventing, caring for or assisting in the care of disease and injuries in domestic animals.
Examples of beasts of burden
- Dog
- Cat
- Pig/swine
- Bovine/ox
- Sheep
- Goat
- Horse
- Donkey
- Camel
- Chicken
The three divisions of anatomy
- Gross/macroscopic anatomy
- Microscopic anatomy
- Developmental anatomy/ Embryology
What is gross anatomy?
Gross anatomy is the study of structural details that are visible to the naked or unaided eye that are revealed after dissection.
What is microscopic anatomy?
Microscopic anatomy is the study of structures using visual aids.
Branches of microscopic anatomy
- Cytology
2. Histology
Difference between cytology and histology
Cytology is the study of cells and their internal structure, whereas histology is the study of tissues.
Developmental anatomy/ embryology
Embryology is the study of the stages through which an organism evolves from conception to birth.
The two approaches to gross anatomy
- Regional or topographical anatomy
2. Systematic anatomy
Regional or topographical anatomy
Organs or structures are studied region by region in the body in relation to surrounding structures (eg. thoracic region, lumbar region etc)
Regional anatomy includes…
- Surface anatomy
- Applied anatomy
- Radiological anatomy
Systematic anatomy
The study of groups of organs with closely related functions, forming organ systems.
Systematic anatomy includes___1___ aspects and combines___2____, ____3____, and ____4____ aspects
- Comparative
- Gross
- Microscopic
- Developmental
The eleven major organ systems
- Skeletal
- Muscular
- Cardiovascular
- Digestive
- Respiratory
- Urinary
- Reproductive
- Nervous
- Endocrine
- Integumentary
- Special sense organs
Describe the language of anatomy
- It is precise and unambiguous.
- Each term has a single meaning; each structure with one name.
- Official terms are in Latin but are often translated to English equivalents
- Commonly used terms are in reference to quadrupeds
Anatomical position
When an animal is standing on all four limbs.
Axis
The central line of the body or of appendages.
The median plane
This divides the body into two equal left and right halves.
Sagittal or paramedial plane
This plane is parallel and adjacent to the median and further divides the halves created by the median.
Dorsal plane
This plane divides the body into the dorsal and ventral plane.
Who are the two prominent names in anatomy?
Aristotle, who in the 4th century B. C. recorded his observations on the structure of fish and animals.
and Vesalius, who in the 16th century described the anatomy of mammals in more detail.
How do you know if a cow is in good health?
Place your fist against the flank to feel the contractions of the rumen.
Where mustn’t you stand around a horse?
Behind it.
Dorsal structures
Refers to structures positioned towards the dorsum or backside of the trunk, head or tail.
Ventral
Structures found along the belly/venter.
Cranial
Structures positioned towards the head.
Caudal
Structures positioned towards the tail.
Medial
Structures closer to the median plane.
Lateral
Structures away from the median plane.
Proximal
(Of the limbs) near the junction with the trunk.
Distal
(Of the limbs) away from the junction of the trunk.
Palmar
Forelimb equivalent to palm of hand.
Plantar
Hindlimb/sole of foot.
Rostral/oral
Towards the mouth.
Aboral
Away from the mouth.
Nuchal
Towards the nape (peak).
Axial
Closer to longitudinal axis.
Abaxial
Further away from longitudinal axis.
Peripheral
Distant from origin point.
Superficial
On the surface.
Deep/Profundus
On the surface.
Supra
Above or over.
infra
Below or beneath
Dexter
To the right.
Sinister
To the left.
Magnus
Big
Brevis
Short
The locomotor apparatus is comprised of:
- Passive locomotor apparatus
2. Active locomotor apparatus.
Passive locomotor apparatus
Composed of the skeleton reinforced by cartilages and ligaments.
Active lovcomotor apparatus
Comprises the muscular system together with tendons of the muscles.
Function of the active locomotor apparatus
Provides the means of movement of individual body parts eg limbs, trunk, head.
Level of organisation of mammalian body
Cells–Tissues–Organs–Systems–Organism
The four planes of a body
- Median plane
- Sagittal/Paramedian plane.
- Dorsal plane
- Transverse plane.
