Lecture 1-introduction To Lifespan Flashcards
3 Age related changes ?
Universal- biological
Group specific- cultural
Individual differences- unique/unshared
7 development of lifespan
Long life
Multi dimensional
Multi directional
Plastic
Contextual
Involves growth, maintenance , regulation of loss
Coconstructs biology, culture and individual
3 designs use to study related changes
Cross sectional- age group/ cheap
Longitudinal-follows individuals/expensive
Sequential-combination if cross sectional and longitudinal
6 diff methods to collect data
Case study Interview Observation Psychological testing Survey Physiological measures
7 paradoxes of human development
Development vs non development Macroscopic vs microscopic General vs particular Activity vs passivity Biological vs environmental Continuity vs discontinuity Cognitive vs affective
4 primary groups of psych theories
Psychodynamic-Freud/Ericskson
Behaviourist-skinner/bandura
Cognitive-Piaget/kohlberg
Biological-Chomsky/bowlby
2 Psychodynamic-origins of development
Freuds 5 psychosexual development
Ericksons 8 psychosocial theories
5 Freuds psychosexual stages of development
Oral-18 mos-weaning Anal -4 y/o -toileting Phallic- 7y/o- gender identity Latent-puberty-learning Genital-puberty onwards-genital intercourse
8 Ericksons psychosocial theory
trust vs mistrust-hope/1 yo autononomy vs shame and doubt-will/3yo initiative vs guilt-purpose/6yo industry vs inferiority-competence/12yo identity vs role confusion-fidelity/18yo intimacy vs isolation-love/30 yo generativity vs stagnation-care/old age ego integrity vs despair-wisdom/old age
Behaviourist Theories
development through learning
4 Theorists of behavioural
Ivan pavlov
John Watson
BF Skinner
Albert Bandura
5 Primary Constructs
classical conditioning operant conditioning reinforcement self efficacy observational learning
Cognitive Theories
Development thru thinking
3 Theorists of cognitive
Jean Piaget
Lev Vygotsky
Lawrence Kohlberg
4 Piagets cognitive development stages
sensorimotor/reflex base/0-2 yo
pre operantional/self oriented and ego centric/2-7yo
concrete operational/more than one view point/7-12yo
formal operantional/thinks abstract,reasons theoretically-not all reach this stage/ 12 and up
Lev Vygotsky
- children interaction with social world rather than physical world
- language before cognition
- individuals converse with words (social) before they began to think (private).
- cognitive is influenced by the language of their culture.
3 Lawrence Kohlberg theory of moral development
level 1 pre conventional : stage 1 punishment / stage 2 rewards
level 2 conventional : stage 3 good behaviour / stage 4 obedience to authority, importance of doing ones duty.
level 3 post conventional : stage 5 difference between moral and legal right-rules can be broken / stage 6 principles of conscience
Biological Theories
development through physiological processes
Bowlby’s attachment theory
- biologically predisposed to form relationships with other humans to ensure our survival.
- early relationships establish a mental model of relationships that guides behaviour
Contemporary life span theories
focus on adult years
2 Contemporary lifespan theorists
Daniel Levinson
Paul Baltes
Daniel Levinson
- adult period consists of regular alternation between periods of: stable functioning (life structures) / developmental upheaval (transitions)
- life goals and activities are re-evaluated during the transitions
Paul Baltes
- lifespan development balances lose and gains
- losses predominate over gains in latter half of lifespan
3 Baltes development processes (SOC)
selecting = particular abilities optimising = abilities thru practice and new technologies compensating = for losses of other abilities by finding ways to accomplish tasks.
