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BIO 235 Lecture > Lecture 1: Introduction to Human Physiology > Flashcards

Lecture 1: Introduction to Human Physiology Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What at the levels of cellular organization?

A
  • Cells
  • Tissues
  • Organs
  • Organ Systems
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2
Q

Differentiated cells with similar properties aggregate to form ________.

A

tissues

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3
Q

What is an organ composed of?

A

two or more kinds of tissues in various proportions and patterns

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4
Q

Describe an organ system and give an example

A

multiple organs that work together

Example: The urinary system (kidney + ureters + urethra + badder)

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5
Q

Name the eleven different organ systems in the body.

A
  1. Circulatory
  2. Digestive
  3. Endocrine
  4. Immune
  5. Respiratory
  6. Lymphatic
  7. Musculoskeletal
  8. Nervous
  9. Integumentary
  10. Reproductive
  11. Urinary
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6
Q

Primary function of which organ system?:

Transport blood throughout the body

A

Circulatory

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7
Q

Primary function of which organ system?:

Digestion and absorption if nutrients and water; elimination of wastes

A

Digestive

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8
Q

Primary function of which organ system?:

Regulation and coordination of many activities in the body. including growth, metabolism, reproduction, blood pressure, water and electrolyte balance, and others.

A

Endocrine

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9
Q

Primary function of which organ system?:

Defense against pathogens

A

Immune

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10
Q

Primary function of which organ system?:

Protection aginst injury and dehydration; defense against pathogens; regulation of body temperature

A

Integumentary

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11
Q

Primary function of which organ system?:

Collection or extracellular fluid for return to blood; participation in immune defenses; absorption of fats from digestive system

A

Lymphatic

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12
Q

Primary function of which organ system?:

Support, protection, and movement of the body; production of blood cells

A

Musculoskeletal

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13
Q

Primary function of which organ system?:

Regulation and coordination of many activities in the body; detection and response to changes in the internal and external environments; states of consciousness; learning memory emotion; others

A

Nervous

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14
Q

Primary function of which organ system?:

​Production of sperm; transfer of sperm to female

A

Reproductive (male)

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15
Q

Primary function of which organ system?:

Production of eggs; provision of a nutritive environment for the developing embryo and fetus; nutrition of the infant

A

Reproductive (female)

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16
Q

Primary function of which organ system?:

Exchange of carbon dioxide and oxygen; regulation of hydrogen ion concentration in the body fluids

A

Respiratory

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17
Q

Primary function of which organ system?:

Regulation of plasma composition through controlled excretion of ions water, and organic wastes

A

Urinary

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18
Q

Muscles are specialized to ________ and generate _________

A

contract; force

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19
Q

What are the three types of muscle cells in the human body

A
  • Cardiac muscle
  • Skeletal muscle
  • Smooth muscle
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20
Q

Which type of muscle(s) are involuntary?

A

cardiac and smooth muscle

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21
Q

Which type of muscle(s) are voluntary?

A

skeletal muscle

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22
Q

What is a neuron?

A

a cell of the nervous system that is specialized to initiate, integrate and conduct electrical signals to other cells

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23
Q

What does a collection of neurons form?

A

nervous tissue

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24
Q

Where can you find nervous tissue?

A

brain or spinal cord

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25
Q

______ form many neurons that are packaged together along with connective tissue to from a _____

A

axons; nerve

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26
Q

Where are epithelial cells located?

A
  • Outer surfaces that cover the body or individual organs
  • Inner surfaces of the tubular and hollow structures within the body
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27
Q

Epithelial cells are specialized for the selective _______ and _______of ions and organic molecules, and for ________

A

Secretion; absorption; protection

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28
Q

Name the type of epithelial cell:

single cell layer thick

A

simple

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29
Q

Name the type of epithelial cell:

Multiple layers thick

A

Stratified

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30
Q

Name the type of epithelial cell:

Cube shaped

A

Cuboidal

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31
Q

Name the type of epithelial cell:

Column-shaped, elongated

A

columnar

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32
Q

Name the type of epithelial cell:

Flattened

A

Squamous

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33
Q

Name the type of epithelial cell:

Possessing cilia

A

ciliated

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34
Q

What do the basolateral membranes function as in epithelial cells

A

Transports glucose out of cell

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35
Q

What does the apical membrane function in epithelial tissue?

A

transports glucose into cell

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36
Q

Connective tissue cells ________, ________, and ________ the structures of the body

A

connect ; anchor; support

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37
Q

Name all the different types of connective tissues

A
  1. Loose Connective
  2. Dense Connective
  3. Blood
  4. Bone
  5. Cartilage
  6. Adipose
38
Q

What surrounds the cells?

A

extracellular fluid and extracellular matrix

39
Q

What does the extracellular matrix consist of?

A

proteins, polysaccharides, and minerals

40
Q

What are the functions of the extracellular matrix

A
  • Provides scaffold for cellular attachments
  • chemical messengers to cells to help regulate their activity, migration, growth, and differentiation
41
Q

What are the proteins of the ECM made of?

A

collagen fibers, elastin fibers, and a mixture of nonfibrous proteins

42
Q

The proteins of the ECM consist of (ropelike/rubberband-like) collagen fibers

A

ropelike

43
Q

The proteins of ECM consist of (ropelike/rubberband-like) elastin fibers

A

rubberband-like

44
Q

Where is intracellular fluid located?

A

inside the cells

45
Q

The fluid in the blood is called:

A

extracellular fluid

46
Q

The fluid surrounding cells is called:

A

extracellular fluid

47
Q

What percent of the extracellular fluid is in the blood (plasma)?

A

20-25%

48
Q

What percent of the extracellular fluid lies around and between cells?

A

75-80%

49
Q

What percent of the extracellular fluid is interstitial fluid?

A

75-80%

50
Q

Define interstitium

A

the space containing interstitial fluid

51
Q

What makes up the total volume of extracellular fluid?

A

plasma and interstitial volumes

52
Q

How much water (%) accounts for a human adult’s body weight?

A

55-60%

53
Q

How much intracellular fluid (%) accounts for an adults body weight?

A

~67%

54
Q

How much extracellular fluid (%) accounts for an adults body weight?

  • How much of that percent is plasma?
  • How much of that percent is interstitial fluid?
A

~33%

  • 7%
  • 26%
55
Q

What does the function of most body cells depend on?

A

the concentrations of solutes in the intracellular and extracellular fluids

56
Q

What is the extracellular concentration of Na+ ?

A

145 mM

57
Q

What is the extracellular concentration of K+​?

A

5 mM

58
Q

What is the extracellular concentration of Ca​2+

A

1 mM

59
Q

What is the extracellular concentration of Cl-​ ?

A

100 mM

60
Q

What is the intracellular concentration of Na+ ?

A

15 mM

61
Q

What is the intracellular concentration of K+​ ?

A

150 mM

62
Q

What is the intracellular concentration of Ca2+​ ?

A

0.0001

63
Q

What is the intracellular concentration of Cl- ​?

A

7 mM

64
Q

Sodium is more concentrated in the (extracellular/intracellular) fluid

A

extracellular

65
Q

Potassium is more concentrated in the (extracellular/intracellular) fluid

A

intracellular

66
Q

Calcium is more concentrated in the (extracellular/intracellular) fluid

A

extracellular

67
Q

Chloride is more concentrated in the (extracellular/intracellular) fluid

A

extracellular

68
Q

Define Homeostasis

A

A state of reasonably stable balance between physiological variables

69
Q

What variables are factored into homeostasis?

A
  • blood pressure
  • body temperature
  • pH of extracellular fluid
  • concentrations of sodium ions or glucose in the blood
70
Q

variables of homeostasis stay regulated despite changes in:

A
  • Temperature
  • What has been eaten
  • resting vs exercising
71
Q

Homeostasis is a (static/dynamic)​ process

A

dynamic

72
Q

True or False:

Physiological variables must resist dramatic change over a 24 hour period in order to keep the system in an overall balance

A

false

73
Q

True or False

Physiological variables can change dramatically over a 24 hr period, but the system is still overall balance

A

True

74
Q

In physiology, homeostasis (is/is not) maintained

A

is

75
Q

In pathophysiology, homeostasis (is/is not)​ maintained

A

is not

76
Q

A reflex is a(n) (voluntary/involuntary) response

A

involuntary

77
Q

define stimulus

A

detectable change in the internal or external environment

78
Q

Define receptor

A

detects the change in the internal or external environment

79
Q

In a reflex arc, the receptor uses the (efferent/afferent) pathway to the:

A

afferent; integrating center

80
Q

In a reflex arc, the integrating center uses the (afferent/efferent) pathway to the:

A

efferent; effector

81
Q

Define ​effector

A

cell(s) whose change in activity results in a response in a control system

82
Q

Define negative feedback

A

when the system’s response opposes the original change in the system

(brings back to homeostasis)

83
Q

True or False:

A negative feedback system shuts the system off once the set point has been reached

A

true

84
Q

True or False:

A negative feedback system enhances the production of the product.

A

false

85
Q

​True or False:

A positive feedback system enhances the production of the product

A

True

86
Q

True or False:

A positive feedback system shuts the system off once the set point has been reached

A

false

87
Q

Homeostasis primarily occurs through (negative/positive) feedback.

A

negative

88
Q

True or False?

Each different cell type secrete a different chemical messenger

A

False

various cell types may all secrete the same chemical messenger

89
Q

Also known as corrective responses.

A

negative feedback homeostatic responses

90
Q

This is initiated after the steady state of the individual has been perturbed.

A

negative-feedback homeostasis

BIO 235 Lecture (4 decks)

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