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BIO 235 Lecture > EXAM 1 Study Guide > Flashcards

EXAM 1 Study Guide Flashcards

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1
Q

Wide dark band of thick filaments in the center of the sarcomere

A

A-band

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2
Q

During the action potential, you won’t get another action potential no matter how strong a second stimulus is.

A

absolute refractory period

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3
Q

Acetylcholine is found is the (PNS/CNS/both)

A

both

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4
Q

Neurons that use acetylcholine are known as

A

cholinergic neurons

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5
Q

This chemical acts at muscarinic (G-protein coupled) receptors

A

Acetylcholine

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6
Q

This chemical acts at nicotinic (ion channels) receptors

A

Acetylcholine

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7
Q

Where are nicotinic receptors found?

A

at the neuromuscular junctions of skeletal muscules.

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8
Q

Where does the degradation of ACh occur?

A

synaptic cleft

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9
Q

What enzyme is responsible for the degradation of ACh?

A

acetylcholinesterase (AChE)

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10
Q

Degradation of ACh is as follows

Acetylcholine -> ______ + _______

A

acetate + choline

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11
Q

What inhibits acetylcholinesterase and what is the result of the inhibition?

A

Sarin (Nerve Gas); causes a buildup of ACh in the synaptic cleft.

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12
Q

Interconnected proteins that anchor actin thin filaments

A

Z=line

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13
Q

A cross-sectional view of a skeletal muscle fiber through the H zone reveal the presence of what?

A

Myosin, but no actin

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14
Q

formed by globular actin that is polymerized into a single stand called filamentous actin

A

Actin

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15
Q

Each actin has _______ binding sites

A

myosin

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16
Q

Why are myosin binding sites important on actin?

A

They are important in developing muscle contraction

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17
Q

A double helix of F-actin is called:

A

Actin strand

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18
Q

What are the two important regulatory molecules on actin filaments

A

Troponin and Tropomyosin

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19
Q

A long fibrous molecule that blocks the myosin binding sites

A

Tropomyosin

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20
Q

A complex of three different proteins that binds tropomyosin, actin, and Ca2+

A

Troponin

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21
Q

What three different proteins binds to troponin?

A

Actin, Tropomyosin, and Ca2+

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22
Q

What does Ca2+ binding to troponin do?

A

shifts tropomyosin away from the myosin binding sites

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23
Q

True or False

Action potentials are generally slow and may repeat at frequencies of several hundred per minute.

A

False

generally fast and may repeat at frequencies of several hundred per second

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24
Q

The ability to generate action potentials is known as:

A

excitability

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25
Q

A large change in membrane potential is known as

A

an action potential

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26
Q

Also known as an “all or none” response

A

action potential

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27
Q

In order to cause an action potential, a cell must utilize (at least one/ several) type(s) of ion channel(s).

A

several

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28
Q

What type of channels often serve as the initial stimulus for an action potential?

A

ligand-gated channels and mechanically gated channels

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29
Q

What type of channel gives the membrane the ability to undergo action potential by allowing the rapid depolarization and repolarization phases of the response?

A

Voltage gated channels

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30
Q

channels that conduct ions such as Na+, K+, Ca2+, or Cl- are referred to as:

A

voltage gated channels

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31
Q

Mechanisms of Neurotransmitter release:

What is the active zone?

A

the release region of the presynaptic membrane; SNARE proteins dock vesicles in this region

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32
Q

the release region of the presynaptic membrane; SNARE proteins dock vesicles in this region

A

Active zone

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33
Q

What three ways can muscle fiber form ATP?

A
  1. Creatine phosphate
  2. Anaerobic metabolism
  3. Aerobic metabolism
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34
Q

What supplies the energy for muscle contraction

A

ATP

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35
Q

Without ___ no contraction can take place

A

ATP

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36
Q

oxidative phosphorylation occurs through (aerobic/ anaerobic)​ metabolism

A

aerobic

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37
Q

Glycolysis occurs through (aerobic/ anaerobic) metabolism

A

anaerobic

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38
Q

(afferent/efferent/ Inter) neurons transmit information from peripheral system to CNS

A

afferent

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39
Q

(afferent/ efferent/ Inter) neurons cell body is often found in ganglion.

A

afferent

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40
Q

a collection of cell bodies is called a :

A

ganglion

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41
Q

(afferent/ efferent/ Inter) neurons are the most numerous type of neuron.

A

interneurons

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42
Q

(afferent/ efferent/ Inter) neurons are all located in the CNS

A

Interneurons

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43
Q

(afferent/ efferent/ Inter) neurons process afferent abd efferent signals.

A

interneurons

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44
Q

(afferent/ efferent/ Inter) neurons are key in reflexes

A

Interneurons

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45
Q

(afferent/ efferent/ Inter) neurons transmit information from the CNS to the peripheral system.

A

Efferent

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46
Q

(afferent/ efferent/ Inter) neurons transmit information from CNS to effector cells such as muscle or gland

A

efferent

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47
Q

(afferent/ efferent/ Inter) neurons cell body is located in the CNS

A

efferent

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48
Q

(afferent/ efferent/ Inter) neurons soma in CNS

A

efferent

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49
Q

Small interneurons in the brain that dampen activity within neural circuits

A

GABA neurons

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50
Q

Somatic efferent neurons are also known as:

A

motor neurons

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51
Q

What organic chemical is directly correlated with Alzheimer’s Disease?

A

Acetylcholine

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52
Q

The degradation of neurons associated with the ACh system:

A

Alzheimer’s Disease

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53
Q

Associated with a decreased amount of ACh in certain areas of the brain

A

Alzheimer’s disease

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54
Q

The loss of postsynaptic neurons that responded to ACh:

A

Alzheimer’s disease

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55
Q

Results in declining language and perceptual abilities, confusion, and memory loss:

A

Alzheimer’s disease

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56
Q

The sixth-leading cause of death in the US

A

Alzheimer’s disease

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57
Q

Astrocytes can be found in the (​CNS/PNS)

A

CNS

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58
Q

This is most abundant in the Glial cell:

A

Astrocytes

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59
Q

Define primary active transport

A

The direct use of ATP in ion channels

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60
Q

What is an autocrine substance?

A

it acts on the same cell that secreted the substance

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61
Q

What is paracrine substance?

A

They target cells in close proximity to site of release of paracrine substance

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62
Q

Where are paracrine substances found

A

Local Cells

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63
Q

Where are autocrine substances found?

A

Local Cells

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64
Q

____ from many neurons are packaged together along with connective tissues to form a nerve

A

Axons

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65
Q

Structure of a Neuron:

Sends information away from the cell body by impulses called action potentials

A

Axon

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66
Q

Structure of a Neuron:

Connected to the soma at the axon hillock

A

Axon

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67
Q

Structure of a Neuron:

Connected to the soma at the initial segment

A

Axon

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68
Q

Structure of a Neuron:

​Does not branch, may have collaterals

A

Axon

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69
Q

Structure of a Neuron:

has axon terminals

A

Axons

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70
Q

Structure of a Neuron:

​Releases neurotransitter

A

Axon Terminal

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71
Q

This membrane transports glucose out of the cell

A

basolateral membranes

72
Q

This membrane transports glucose into the cell

A

apical membrane

73
Q

Interferes with SNARE proteins at excitatory synapses that activate muscles

A

Clostridium botulinum bacili toxin

74
Q

________ is characterized by muscle paralysis

A

botulism

75
Q

Used to treat facial wrinkles, severe sweating, and uncontrollable blinking

A

botulinum toxin (Botox)

76
Q

Structure of a Neuron:

Receives information, direct information towards the cell body

A

Dendrites

77
Q

​Structure of a Neuron:

Short branching

A

Dendrites

78
Q

​Structure of a Neuron:

Axons can synapse here

A

Dendrites

79
Q

Composed of the brain and the spinal cord

A

Central nervous system (CNS)

80
Q

What glial cells are found in the CNS

A
  • Astrocytes
  • Ependymal cells
  • Microglia
  • Oligodendrocytes
81
Q

This cells function in the CNS is to guide developing neurons into making the correct connections

A

Astrocytes

82
Q

This cells function in the CNS is to modulate synaptic activity

A

astrocyte

83
Q

This cells function in the CNS is to help maintain the proper electrolyte composition of the extracellular fluid

A

astrocyte

84
Q

This cells function in the CNS is to protect against toxic substances by forming the Blood-Brain barrier

A

Astrocyte

85
Q

This cells function in the CNS is to form an epithelia that lines portions of the ventricle system of the brain and the spinal cord

A

Ependymal Cells

86
Q

This cells function in the CNS is to produce cerebral spinal fluid (CSF)

A

ependymal cells

87
Q

This cell in the CNS is ciliated

A

ependymal cells

88
Q

Why are ependymal cells ciliated?

A

to help in the movement of cerebral spinal fluid

89
Q

This cell in the CNS is small and elongated with short irregular processes.

A

Microglia

90
Q

This cells function in the CNS is to respond to infection

A

microglia

91
Q

This cells function in the CNS is to protect the CNS by removing foreign material and the remains of dead or injured cells

A

microglia

92
Q

This cells function in the CNS is to perform phagocytosis

A

microglia

93
Q

This cells function in the CNS is to protect against oxidative stress

A

microglia

94
Q

This cell in the CNS is a large cell body, thin-flat processes that wrap repeatedly abound the portions of the axon

A

oligodendrocytes

95
Q

This cells function in the CNS is to produce a myelin sheath around the axons of neurons

A

oligodendrocytes

96
Q

What is the purpose of myelination

A

allows for rapid transmission of action potentials (electrical signal within the neuron)

97
Q

True or False

Each oligodendrocyte can myelinate multiple axons

A

True

98
Q

True or False

Neuron outnumber glial cells 10 to 1 in the CNS

A

False

Glial cells outnumber neurons 10 to 1

99
Q

Serotonin is a (CNS/PNS) neurotransmitter

A

CNS

100
Q

Chemical synapses ar the most common in _______.

A

neurons

101
Q

What are the different types of neuronal chemical synapses:

A
  • Neuron to neuron
  • Neuron to effector cell (neuromuscular junction)
  • Neuron to non-neuron or non-muscle cell
102
Q

__________ neurons rlease neurotransmitter from their axon terminals

A

Presynaptic

103
Q

Anatomy of a chemical synapse:

has a high density of membrane potentials

A

postsynaptic density

104
Q

Anatomy of a chemical synapse:

Has 10-20 nm extracellular space

A

synaptic cleft

105
Q

Anatomy of a chemical synapse:

Prevents direct propagation of current

A

synaptic cleft

106
Q

Anatomy of a chemical synapse:

a chemical messenger released from the presynaptic axon terminal

A

neurotransmitter

107
Q

These cells connect, anchor, and support the structures of the body

A

Connective Tissue cells

108
Q

A deadly arrowhead poison used by indigenous peoples of South America

A

Curare

109
Q

This binds to ACh receptors. It does NOT open their ion channels and acetylcholinesterase does NOT destroy it

A

Curare

110
Q

ACh cannot bind to receptor when occupied by this chemical

A

Curare

111
Q

This chemical can cause death by asphyxiation

A

Curare

112
Q

What are the four steps of cross-bridge cycling

​

A
  1. Attachment of a cross-bridge to a thin filament (Activated myosin head binds to actin, forming a cross-bridge)
  2. movement across the cross bridge
  3. Detachment of the cross bridge (Let it go)
  4. Energizing the cross bridge again so that it can attach to the thin filament
113
Q

During the cross-bridge cycle, when is the myosin head in high energy form?

A

when the ATP that is attached to the myosin is hydrolyzed from ATP to ADP + Pi

114
Q

The (high/low) energy form of myosin has a high affinity for actin

A

High

115
Q

The (high/low) energy form of the myosin head has No ATP, ADP, or Pi bound to itself and remains bound to actin

A

low

116
Q

What does the cross-bridge cycle rely on?

A

ATP hydrolysis

117
Q

Explain the figure at each step of the cross-bridge cycle

A
  1. Cross-bridge binds to actin
  2. Cross-bridge moves
  3. ATP binds to myosin, causing cross-bridge to detach
  4. Hydrolysis of ATP energizes cross-bridge
118
Q

Activation of Cross-bridge cycling is by

(Na+ / K+ / Ca2+)

A

Ca2+

119
Q

What is the role of Ca2+​ in cross-bridge cycling?

A
  1. Ca2+ binds to troponin
  2. Tropomyosin exposes the cross-bridge binding site on actin
  3. Cross-bridge binds to actin and generates force
120
Q

Low cytosolic Ca2+ = (activated/relaxed)​ muscle

A

relaxed

121
Q

High cytosolic Ca2+ = (activated/relaxed)​ muscle

A

activated

122
Q

Mechanism of cytosolic increase in Ca2+

Where does the Ca2+​ come from?

A

The sarcoplasmic reticulum within the muscle fiber

123
Q

Once an action potential is triggered in the muscle, it travels along the __________ and into the __________

A

sarcolemma; T-tubules

124
Q

Where are T-tubules located?

A

Between the terminal cisternae of the sarcoplasmic reticulum

125
Q

A voltage-gated Ca2+ channel located inside a

t-tubular system

A

dihydropyridine receptors (DHPR)

126
Q

DHPR directly contacts and opens these Ca2+ channels located on the sarcoplasmic reticulum

A

ryanodine receptors

127
Q

What are considered the cargo trucks in axonal transport

A

Kinesin and dynein

128
Q

What is considered the road in ​axonal transport

A

microtubules

129
Q

(Kinesin/Dynein) transport is mainly retrograde (towards the cell body)

A

Dynein

130
Q

(Kinesin/Dynein) transport is mainly anterograde

(from cell body towards axon terminal)

A

Kinesin

131
Q

Which type of axonal transport moves processively (step by step)

A

Kinesin transport

132
Q

What type of cargo is carried in kinesin transport

A

nutrients, neurotransmitter-filled vesicles

133
Q

What type of cargo is carried in dyneintransport

A

recycled membrane vesicles, growth factors

134
Q

creatine phosphate provides (slow/fast) energy production

A

fast

135
Q

how long does the energy from creatine phosphate last?

A

10-15 seconds

136
Q

What are the 3 major phases of muscle twitch?

A
  1. Latent period
  2. Contraction Phase
  3. Relaxation Phase
137
Q

Name the major muscle phase:

The period of time from the action potential to the onset of contraction

A

Latent period

138
Q

Name the major muscle phase:​

The action potential sweeps across the sarcolemma

A

latent period

139
Q

Name the major muscle phase:​

Ca2+ ions are released from the sarcoplasmic reticulum

A

Latent Period

140
Q

Name the major muscle phase:​

Lasts about 2 seconds

A

Latent phase

141
Q

Name the major muscle phase:​

This is the time that tension is developing due to the cross-bridge cycling

A

Contraction Phase

142
Q

Name the major muscle phase:

Ca2+ binds to troponin revealing binding sites for myosin on the actin filament

A

Contraction Phase

143
Q

Name the major muscle phase:

​Cross-bridges form

A

Contraction phase

144
Q

How long does the contraction phase last?

A

10-100 msec

145
Q

Name the major muscle phase:

​This is the time the tension is decreasing

A

relaxation phase

146
Q

Name the major muscle phase:

Ca2+ is actively transported back into the sarcoplasmic reticulum

A

Relaxation Phase

147
Q

Name the major muscle phase:

Myosin binding sites are covered up by tropomyosin

A

Relaxation phase

148
Q

How long does the relaxation phase last?

A

10-100msec

149
Q

What’s the contraction time of fast twitch fibers?

A

~10 msec

150
Q

What’s the contraction time of slow twitch fibers?

A

~100 msec or longer

151
Q

Define ​Isometric twitch

A

Twitches that generate tension but do not shorten the muscle (constant length)

152
Q

When the load is greater than the force generated by the muscle, an (isometric/isotonic) twitch occurs

A

isometric

153
Q

Define Isotonic twitch

A

the muscle contracts with a greater force than resistance; causing the muscle to shorten.

154
Q

Occurs when the load is greater than the tension

A

Isometric twitch

155
Q

Trying to lift a car with your arms or maintaining posture is an example of:

A

Isometric twitch

156
Q

occurs when the load is less than the tension

A

isotonic twitch

157
Q

Name the twitch contraction:

​Has a short latent period

A

Isometric twitch

158
Q

Name the twitch contraction:

Has a long period of force generation

A

Isometric twitch

159
Q

Name the twitch contraction:

​Tension begins to increase as soon as the first cross-bridge attaches

A

isometric twitch

160
Q

Name the twitch contraction:

Latent period is only due to the excitation-contraction coupling delay

A

isometric twitch

161
Q

Name the twitch contraction:

Longer latent period

A

isotonic twitch

162
Q

Name the twitch contraction:

Latent period includes both times for:

1) excitation-contraction coupling and
2) the extra time it takes to accumulate enough attached cross-bridges to lift the load off of the platform

A

Isotonic twitch

163
Q

Name the twitch contraction:

The period of muscle shortening is shorter

A

Isotonic twitch

164
Q

What are the characteristics of twitch dependent on?

A
  1. The type of contraction (isotonic or isometric)
  2. The magnitude of the load being lifted
165
Q

The force generated by an individual muscle fiber depends on the number of active _______.

A

cross-bridges

166
Q

The force generated by an individual muscle fiber depends on the number of active cross-bridges. The number of cross-bridges is influenced by:

A
  1. Frequency of stimulation
  2. Fiber diameter
  3. Length of fiber
167
Q

The whole muscle contraction is dependent on the number of ______ stimulated.

A

fibers

168
Q

A single action potential in a skeletal muscle fiber lasts ______ ms and the twitch lasts up to ______ ms.

A

1-2 ; 100

169
Q

When a stimulus is applied before a fiber has completely relaxed from a twitch, it induces a contractile response with a peak tension greater than that produced in a single twitch, This is called:

A

Summation

170
Q

The Tension vs Time graph below is an example of:

A

Summation

171
Q

True or False:

Postsynaptic potential summation observes the effect if additional attached cross-bridges

A

False

Summation (Frequency- Tension Relation) observes the effect of additional attached cross-bridges.

172
Q

True or False:

Postsynaptic potential summation involves additive voltage effects on the membrane

A

True

173
Q

A maintained contraction in response to repetitive stimulation is known as a:

A

Tetanus (tetanic contraction)

174
Q

The Tension vs Time graph below is an example of:

A

a tetanus (tetanic contraction)

175
Q

What is the significance of muscle fiber diameter in a whole muscle contraction?

A

It influences the force-generating capacity of a fiber

176
Q

The (smaller/larger) the fiber, the greater the force

A

larger

177
Q

The force generated by a muscle contraction also depends on the length of the _______ within a muscle before contraction occurs

A

sarcomeres

BIO 235 Lecture (4 decks)

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