Lecture 1 - introduction Flashcards
Define Developmental Psychology
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- The scientific study of the changes humans go through from conception onwards.
- It includes all aspects of human development; biology, cognition, emotion, morality, social, intellectual, language
- What factors shape behaviour from birth to old age, looking at an ability or a time period
Outline what Sigmund Freud did
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- psychoanalytic theories
- Id - Pleasure seeker, present at birth
- ego - Cause + Effect, get the ID what it wants, 2-3 year
- Superego - Society/ family rules. Balances this with ID’s wants. Right and Wrong - 6/7 years
Outline what Maria Montessori did
- learn on their own - love
- *
Innate skills and talents
- Argue you should guide kids with love, encouragement,
- observe and help them in sensitive periods
- child will learn on their own, with our help
Outline What Arnold Gessell did
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nature vs nurture
- Learn in orderly sequence, had to be ready to learn
- 360’ domed lab
Outline what Lev Vygotsky did - 5 stages of helping a child learn***
- Tools, supervise, aid, scaff, transfer
Sociocultural approach - Nurture is important
- Provide tools and guidance
- Adults supervise
- Aid and Assess
- Scaffolding
- Guide and transfer knowledge to new task
Outline what Piaget did
- what do the stages involve?
Cognitive-developmental stages
- Sensorimotor (sense and Muscles) 0-2
- Pre-operational (language, images, egocentric) 2-7
- Concret Operational (understand logic, others POV, CAN DO conservation) - 7-12
- Formal Operational (Abstract thought, right/ wrong, shades of grey > black+white) -12+
What did Dreikurs do? - 4 ways isolated children misbehave to fit in
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Misbehaviour
- results from isolation, so they try to fit in in 4 ways
1. Attention - get noticed (Supernanny)
2. Power - leadership
3. Revenge - retaliate
4. Avoidance - withdrawal
What did Gardner do? 8 types of intelligence
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Argued there isnt 1 intelligence, there are 8 types
- Lignsuistic
- Mathematical
- Spatial
- Body
- Musical
- Interpersonal
- Intrapersonal
- Naturalistic
Outline did Bowlby did?
- 4 characteristics of attachment
Deprivation/ Attachment Behaviours
- 4 characteristics of attachment:
1. Proximity Maintenance
2. Safe Haven
3. Secure Base
4. Seperation Distress
Outline what Eirkson did
- 8 stages of psychosocial development - at each stage, there is an ID Crisis *****
8 stages of psychosocial development - at each stage, there is an ID Crisis
- Trust vs mistrust (18 months)
- Can you trust the CG? To do what you want/ need them to? - Autonomy vs Doubt (18m-3)
- Learns they have their own power. Can be indpendent/ my own person - Initiative vs guilt (4-6)
- can think independently, guilty if fail
4 . Industry vs inferiority (7-12)
- Own actions affect how others view/ treat them
- others opinions matter
- industrious act in a way that gets good responses from others, those who dont feel inferior
- Idenitity vs role confusion (12-18) (teenage years)
- Combine previous learning/ experiences and hopefully develops a strong sense of identity
- if they cannot, there is role confusion, and they may do things to fit in or completely seperate from others
6, 7 and 8 - Adulthood
- the final stage talks about death
What did Maslow do?
- 5 stages
Hierachy of needs Bottom: - Physiological - Security - Love + Belonging - Esteem (Self/ other) - Self-Actualisation
What % of people get to self-actualisation?
2%
What did Skinner do?
Op Con, +/- reinforcement, extinction
- Best is to mix reinforcement and extinction, hoping for reward is best
What did Spock do - Experts
Parents are the true experts about their children
- Flexible, cuddling, affectionate parenting would not spoil them, but would make them happy and more secure.
- View children as individuals
- this stuff is best for development
What did Brazelton do? - assessment scale
Neonatal (newborn) Behavioural Assessment scale
- used in first 2 months, at physical developments, and neurological responses - how well brain and body is working
- Very important to uncover threatening conditions
What did Kohlberg do?
** 3 stages of moral decision making
Investigated how people solve moral dilemmas
- looked at childrens development of moral decision making
- Stages of moral decision making development
1. Pre-conventional level - children make moral decisions based off how it will affect me
- Conventional
- adolescence/ young adults
- decisions made by comparing options with societal rules
- Debate whether to follow these rules or not - Post-Conventional -adults
- everything is considered
What did Baumrind do? - parenting
Parenting Styles
- Categorised parents into 3 groups
- Permissive parent
- child has equal say in all decisions
- parent doesnt punsih them, accepts any behaviour the child chooses - Authoritarian Parent (opposite to permissive)
- Child has to follow every rule and has no say in how household is run - Authoritative Parent (happy middle)
- talks with child, but remain adults in the family
- Reasons given for rules, children encouraged to share opinions - but they are not always followed, but not always ignored
Outline Bronfenbrenner
Ecological systems theory - (an Interactionist approach)
Outline Bronfenbrenner’s ecological systems theory
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Need to consider the wider cultural and social context that the child is in
- everything in the childs environment affects their development
- these aspects are called systems
- need to study a child in multiple contexts to really understand their development
Outline the different systems in Bronfenbrenners theory
- Micro, meso, exo, macro
At the centre is the individual
- their age, sex, health etc
Then you have Microsystems around them
- immediate environment
- Family, peers
- how does technology interact here?
Then you have mesosystem
- interactions between the different levels
Then Exosystem
- health services, media etc
Then macrosystem
- culture/ ideologies
Reasons for studying child development
- 4/5 things
- Caring for children
- Social policy and practice
- Psychological literacy
- Easier to sport atypical development
• Basic scientific understanding of human nature
What are the methods for studying development?
- 6 things
- Case studies
- e.g. Piaget’s own children
Designs:
- Cross-sectional studies
- different people, same time - Longitudinal
- Same people, different time
Methods:
- Experiments
- Observations
- Interventions
What are the limitations of doing research with children?
- 5 things *****
X - cant generalise case studies
X - Few longitudinal studies - correlation, not causation
X - Children cant really report anything, so not sure if they actually understand the task?
X - Ethical issues - cause distress, can they give consent?
X - Parents self-reporting bias - want to look like good parents
