Lecture 1 - Intro To Pharmoeconomics

Question 1

What is pharmoeconomics?

Answer 1

evaluating and comparing the TOTAL COST (input) of treatment options and the OUTCOMES associated with these options

Question 2

what 3 things MUST exist in order for an analysis to be considered a pharmoeconomic analysis

Answer 2

input (costs)
drug/product/service being assessed
health-related outcomes produced by the pharmaceutical product or service

Question 3

there MUST be a __ and __ component in a pharmoeconomic study

Answer 3

cost and outcome

Question 4

if the research involves ____ and ____ outcome evaluations and comparisons of _______, it can be termed a pharmoeconomic study

Answer 4

if the research involves ECONOMIC and CLINICAL outcome evaluations and comparisons of PHARMACY PRODUCTS OR SERVICES, it can be termed a pharmoeconomic study

Question 5

in a pharmoeconomic study….

at least ___ options must be compared

Answer 5

2

Question 6

in a pharmoeconomic study, can 2 different products or services be compared?

Answer 6

yes

Question 7

can a pharmoeconomic study be a “with or without” comparison

Answer 7

yes

Question 8

give an example of a “with/without” comparison

Answer 8

with adherence calls vs without adherence calls

with drug A vs without drug A

Question 9

give an example of 2 different products or services being compared

Answer 9

physical therapy vs a cortisone shot

Question 10

A common comparison made in a pharmoeconomic study is….

Answer 10

comparing a new intervention with the current standard of care

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Question 11

What are the 6 components of a pharmoeconomic article

Answer 11

abstract
introduction
methods
results
discussion
conclusion

Question 12

Give 3 reasons as to why pharmacoeconomics is important

Answer 12

-healthcare costs have been increasing each year

-continued increase in costs has resulted in a need to understand how limited resources can be used most efficiently and effectively

-clinicians want their patients to receive the best care and outcomes available, while payers want to manage rising costs

Question 13

Pharmacoeconomics combines the objectives of __ And ___ together

Answer 13

clinicians and payers

Question 14

What are 4 examples of questions that can be answered using pharmacoeconomics?

Answer 14

-Should this new medication be added to the formulary?

-should a new pharmacy service be implemented?

-How do the different medications impact a patient’s health-related quality of life?

-Is this immunization or vaccine plan cost beneficial?

Question 15

What does the ECHO model stand for?

Answer 15

Economic
Clinical
Humanistic
Outcomes of pharmaceutical products or services

Question 16

what is the INPUT (cost measurement unit) in EVERY methodology of a pharmacoeconomic study?

Answer 16

monetary units

Question 17

List the 4 methodologies of a pharmacoeconomic study

Answer 17

CMA
CEA
CBA
CUA

Question 18

What does CMA stand for and what is the outcome measurement unit?

Answer 18

cost-minimization analysis
output=NONE bc the outcome is assumed to be equivalent between the different groups

Question 19

What does CEA stand for and what is the outcome measurement unit?

Answer 19

Cost
Effectiveness
Analysis

outcome unit = NATURAL UNITS
(years life gained, mmHg blood pressure, mMol/L blood glucose)

Question 20

What does CBA stand for and what is the outcome measurement unit?

Answer 20

cost-benefit analysis

output=MONETARY UNITS

Question 21

What does CUA stand for and what is the outcome measurement unit?

Answer 21

Cost-utility analysis

output= QALY (Quality-adjusted life years) or other utilities

Question 22

utility

Answer 22

satisfaction

Question 23

can input be used to distinguish the different types of study? why or why not

Answer 23

NO
input unit is the same for all 4 studies (monetary units)

Question 24

what are the 4 different perspectives that a pharmacoeconomic study can be conducted from

Answer 24

-the patient
-the insurer
-the health care provider
-society

Question 25

What are some questions from the patient’s perspective?

Answer 25

-how much will this disease cost me?

Question 26

what is a question from the insurer’s perspective?

Answer 26

how much compensable care will a patient with this disease consume on average?

Question 27

what is a question from the healthcare provider’s perspective?

Answer 27

how much does it cost me to provide care for a patient with this disease. on average?

Question 28

what is a question from society’s perspective?

Answer 28

what is the total amount of resources that all patients with this disease will require within a given year?

Question 29

what is used to describe the results and value of a healthcare intervention?

Answer 29

the outcomes of the study

Question 30

Depending on the perspective, the outcomes of healthcare can be multidimensional

Answer 30

1. Healthcare payers and administrators (economic)
2. Clinicians (clinical outcomes)
3. Patients (humanistic outcomes)

Question 31

_____ can help determine cost and outcome

Answer 31

perspective

Question 32

what are 4 things to identify when reading a pharmacoeconomic study?

Answer 32

1. Outcome (ECHO model)
2. Cost (input)
3. Perspective
4. What’s being compared

Question 33

identify the type of cost…

a patient must pay for parking at a clinic for their medical visit

Answer 33

direct nonmedical cost

Question 34

identify the type of cost….

a mother misses work to attend to her 5 year old who had an asthma exacerbation

Answer 34

indirect cost

Question 35

identify the type of cost..

a patient pays a $5 copayment for an immunization

Answer 35

direct medical

Question 36

identify the type of cost….

a patient previously taking an oral medication for her diabetes is anxious about giving herself an insulin injection

Answer 36

intangible