Lecture 1 - Intro To Pharmoeconomics Flashcards
What is pharmoeconomics?
evaluating and comparing the TOTAL COST (input) of treatment options and the OUTCOMES associated with these options
what 3 things MUST exist in order for an analysis to be considered a pharmoeconomic analysis
input (costs)
drug/product/service being assessed
health-related outcomes produced by the pharmaceutical product or service
there MUST be a __ and __ component in a pharmoeconomic study
cost and outcome
if the research involves ____ and ____ outcome evaluations and comparisons of _______, it can be termed a pharmoeconomic study
if the research involves ECONOMIC and CLINICAL outcome evaluations and comparisons of PHARMACY PRODUCTS OR SERVICES, it can be termed a pharmoeconomic study
in a pharmoeconomic study….
at least ___ options must be compared
2
in a pharmoeconomic study, can 2 different products or services be compared?
yes
can a pharmoeconomic study be a “with or without” comparison
yes
give an example of a “with/without” comparison
with adherence calls vs without adherence calls
with drug A vs without drug A
give an example of 2 different products or services being compared
physical therapy vs a cortisone shot
A common comparison made in a pharmoeconomic study is….
comparing a new intervention with the current standard of care
NEXT BEST ALTERNATIVE
What are the 6 components of a pharmoeconomic article
abstract
introduction
methods
results
discussion
conclusion
Give 3 reasons as to why pharmacoeconomics is important
-healthcare costs have been increasing each year
-continued increase in costs has resulted in a need to understand how limited resources can be used most efficiently and effectively
-clinicians want their patients to receive the best care and outcomes available, while payers want to manage rising costs
Pharmacoeconomics combines the objectives of __ And ___ together
clinicians and payers
What are 4 examples of questions that can be answered using pharmacoeconomics?
-Should this new medication be added to the formulary?
-should a new pharmacy service be implemented?
-How do the different medications impact a patient’s health-related quality of life?
-Is this immunization or vaccine plan cost beneficial?
What does the ECHO model stand for?
Economic
Clinical
Humanistic
Outcomes of pharmaceutical products or services
what is the INPUT (cost measurement unit) in EVERY methodology of a pharmacoeconomic study?
monetary units
List the 4 methodologies of a pharmacoeconomic study
CMA
CEA
CBA
CUA
What does CMA stand for and what is the outcome measurement unit?
cost-minimization analysis
output=NONE bc the outcome is assumed to be equivalent between the different groups
What does CEA stand for and what is the outcome measurement unit?
Cost
Effectiveness
Analysis
outcome unit = NATURAL UNITS
(years life gained, mmHg blood pressure, mMol/L blood glucose)
What does CBA stand for and what is the outcome measurement unit?
cost-benefit analysis
output=MONETARY UNITS
What does CUA stand for and what is the outcome measurement unit?
Cost-utility analysis
output= QALY (Quality-adjusted life years) or other utilities
utility
satisfaction
can input be used to distinguish the different types of study? why or why not
NO
input unit is the same for all 4 studies (monetary units)
what are the 4 different perspectives that a pharmacoeconomic study can be conducted from
-the patient
-the insurer
-the health care provider
-society
What are some questions from the patient’s perspective?
-how much will this disease cost me?
what is a question from the insurer’s perspective?
how much compensable care will a patient with this disease consume on average?
what is a question from the healthcare provider’s perspective?
how much does it cost me to provide care for a patient with this disease. on average?
what is a question from society’s perspective?
what is the total amount of resources that all patients with this disease will require within a given year?
what is used to describe the results and value of a healthcare intervention?
the outcomes of the study
Depending on the perspective, the outcomes of healthcare can be multidimensional
- Healthcare payers and administrators (economic)
- Clinicians (clinical outcomes)
- Patients (humanistic outcomes)
_____ can help determine cost and outcome
perspective
what are 4 things to identify when reading a pharmacoeconomic study?
- Outcome (ECHO model)
- Cost (input)
- Perspective
- What’s being compared
identify the type of cost…
a patient must pay for parking at a clinic for their medical visit
direct nonmedical cost
identify the type of cost….
a mother misses work to attend to her 5 year old who had an asthma exacerbation
indirect cost
identify the type of cost..
a patient pays a $5 copayment for an immunization
direct medical
identify the type of cost….
a patient previously taking an oral medication for her diabetes is anxious about giving herself an insulin injection
intangible
