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Neuroscience > Lecture 1: Intro to Neuroscience > Flashcards

Lecture 1: Intro to Neuroscience Flashcards

1
Q

What is the general function of our nervous system?

A
  • control
  • regulate
  • communicate
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2
Q

What are the components of the CNS?

A

brain and spinal cord

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3
Q

What are the components of the PNS?

A

Somatic:
-cranial and spinal nerves
Autonomic:
-Parasympathetic, Sympathetic, Enteric

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4
Q

What are the main components of the neuron?

A
  • dendrites
  • soma (cell body)
  • axon hillock
  • axon
  • terminal branches
  • synapse
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5
Q

Dendrite function

A

receives signals

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6
Q

Soma function

A
  • interpret info from dendrite
  • determine if there is going to be an AP
  • contains nucleus and organelles
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7
Q

Axon hillock function

A

signal becomes an AP –> elicits response

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8
Q

Axon function

A
  • where the AP travels

- contains Myelin Sheath and Nodes of Ranvier

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9
Q

Terminal branches function

A
  • at the very end right before synapse

- sends out NTs into synapse

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10
Q

Synapse function

A

specialized point of functional contact between neurons, or between a neuron and a target organ

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11
Q

What are the 3 types of neurons that can be found in the nervous system? Structural and Functional

A 
Structural:
-multipolar
-bipolar
-unipolar
Functional:
-sensory (afferent)
-motor (efferent)
-interneuron
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12
Q

Multipolar neuron

A

most common, several dendrites and axons

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13
Q

Bipolar neuron

A

rare, single dendrite and single axon arising from a cell body, for special sensory organs (sight and smell)

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14
Q

Unipolar neuron

A

in PNS, axon and dendrite arise from a single process

arising from a soma

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15
Q

Main role of sensory (afferent) neurons and types

A
  • Afferent= arrive
  • signals from receptors to CNS
  • special sensory:
    i. vision
    ii. auditory
    iii. equilibrium
    iv. gustatory (taste)
  • viscerosensory: unconscious
  • somatosensory: conscious
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16
Q

Main role of motor (efferent) neurons and types

A
  • efferent=exit (response)
  • signals from CNS to effectors
  • somatomotor: voluntary; CNS–> skeletal muscle
  • autonomic motor: involuntary; connects vital structures to CNS; smooth muscle, cardiac glands
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17
Q

What is the function of interneurons/associative neurons?

A
  • local integration center
  • comprised of brain and spinal cord
  • connect sensory to motor
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18
Q

Define a reflex

A
  • unidirectional rapid, predictable, and involuntary response to a stimulus
  • NO cortical involvement
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19
Q

Define a reflex arc

A

neural pathway that controls a reflex

-sensory receptor –> sensory neuron –> interneuron –> motor neuron –> effector

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20
Q

Types of reflexes in human body

A
  • somatic: skeletal muscle (ex: knee jerk)

- autonomic: smooth muscle, cardiac, and glands (ex: salivary reflex)

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21
Q

Explain the steps of the myotatic reflex, starting from the hit of the hammer to the leg kicking outwards.

A
  • “knee jerk”
  • hammer hit → extensor muscle → muscle sensory receptor → sensory neuron/ motor neuron in spinal cord/ interneuron synapse inhibits motor neuron in flexor muscles → motor neuron sends AP to extensor muscle to contract/ flexor relaxes due to inhibition of motor neuron
22
Q

Explain the steps of the Flexor Withdrawal Reflex. When does this reflex come into play in function?

A
  • flexor reflex + crossed extension reflex
    i. flexor reflex: painful stimulus → afferent neuron → interneurons → efferent neurons → excitation of flexors, inhibition of extensors
    ii. crossed extension: painful stimulus → afferent neuron → interneurons cross midline → efferent neurons → excitation of extensors, inhibition of flexors
23
Q

Function of astrocytes and PNS equivalent

A

-are glial cells
-support cells
-maintain BBB
-tissue repair
-1/2 of CNS neural tissue
PNS equivalent= satellite cells

24
Q

Function of ependymal cells and where they are found

A
  • they produce and facilitate exchange of CSF

- line ventricle and central canal walls, forming choroid plexus

25
Q

Function of microglia

A

“macrophages of the CNS”

  • remove foreign bodies
  • protect against infection
26
Q

Oligodendrocytes

A

-CNS myelin creation

one cell can myelinate multiple axons

27
Q

Shwann cells

A
  • PNS myelin creation

- multiple cells required to myelinate one axon

28
Q

Role and anatomy of Myelin

A
  • speed up AP
  • AP jumps node to node
  • insulate strength/integrity of AP
  • mixture of proteins and phospholipids → white matter
29
Q

Nodes of Ranvier

A
  • spaces between myelin sheath
  • enables regeneration of AP
  • saltatory transmission–> AP jumping from node to node
30
Q

Where is a synapse found? Main components?

A
  • found between a neuron and target cell/organ
  • components are the presynaptic terminal (first neuron that starts the info and sends it down), synaptic cleft (chemical signals/NTs), and postsynaptic element (dictates type of synapse)
31
Q

Different synapse types:

A

Axodendritic
Axosomatic
Axoaxonix
Dendrodendritic

32
Q

Axodendritic

A

most common, axons of pre communicate with dendrites of post

33
Q

Axosomatic

A

axons of pre go to cell body/soma of post

34
Q

Axoaxonix

A

axon to axon, mediators (inhibit or facilitate)

35
Q

Dendrodendritic

A

dendrite to dendrite, mainly found in vision/smell, uncommon

36
Q

Electrical Synapse

A
  • directly connected via gap junctions
  • fast communication (1 ms)
  • bi-directional
  • latent period very short
  • most typically seen in hypothalamus
  • pro: quick
  • con: not selective
37
Q

Chemical Synapse

A
  • slower process
  • take up to a minute
  • increased magnitude
  • larger distance between neurons
  • stronger and last longer
  • these are the majority
38
Q

Resting Membrane Potential

A
  • neg. 70 mV
  • intracellular K+
  • extracellular Na+, Cl-
  • maintained by the sodium-potassium pump and ion channels
39
Q

Ionotropic receptors

A

“Ligand-gated channels”

-NT binds, channel opens, ions flow across membrane

40
Q

Metabotropic receptors

A

“G-protein coupled receptors”

-NT binds, G-protein is activated, G-protein subunits or intracellular messengers modulate ion channels, ions flow across membrane, ion channels open

41
Q

Agonists

A

same effect as the NT

42
Q

Antagonists

A

block the effect of the NT

43
Q

Inverse Agonists

A

opposite effect of NT

44
Q

Neuromodulators

A

affect the likelihood that the NT will bind

45
Q

Excitatory postsynaptic potentials (EPSP)

A
  • causes depolarization of the cell
  • increase Na permeability into cell
  • increase likelihood of postsynaptic AP
46
Q

Inhibitory postsynaptic potentials (IPSP)

A
  • cause hyperpolarization of cell
  • increase Cl permeability
  • decrease likelihood of postsynaptic AP
47
Q

Temporal summation

A

several impulses from one neuron at a time

48
Q

Spatial summation

A

several impulses from several neurons at the same time

49
Q

Continuous vs Saltatory conduction

A

Continuous is unmyelinated and saltatory is myelinated so it is faster

50
Q

Conduction velocity is dependent on:

A
  1. Fiber diameter
  2. Presence of myelin
  3. Thickness of myelin
  4. PNS: fiber classification

Neuroscience (3 decks)

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