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Neuroscience > ANS > Flashcards

ANS Flashcards

1
Q

What does the Autonomic NS control?

A

the function of structures with smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and certain glands

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2
Q

Does the ANS operate with or w/out conscious control?

A

without conscious control

-but can be modulated by conscious drive

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3
Q

What are the 3 branches of the ANS?

A

Sympathetic NS
Parasympathetic NS
Enteric NS

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4
Q

Somatic vs ANS:

Major brain structure receiving afferent info

A

Somatic: Thalamus
ANS: Hypothalamus

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5
Q

Somatic vs ANS:

Major source of descending pathways

A

Somatic: Cerebral cortex
ANS: Hypothalamus

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6
Q

Efferent link between CNS and viscera innervated by ANS involves ____ neurons

A

two

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7
Q

Synapses of ANS contain _______ instead of chemical synapses to allow for steady/widespread contractions of visceral tissue

A

electrical synapses (gap junctions)

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8
Q

Preganglionic vs Postganglionic ANS fibers myelination

A

Pre: lightly myelinated
Post: NO myelin

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9
Q

Where do Sympathetic fibers originate from? Where are their postganglionic cell bodies positioned?

A

“Thoracolumbar division” originate T1-L3

Postganglionic cell bodies (in ganglia) typically positioned close to SC

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10
Q

Where do Parasympathetic fibers originate from? Where are their postganglionic cell bodies positioned?

A

Brainstem originates
-CN 3, 7, 9, 10
S2-S4 originates “Craniosacral division”
Postganglionic cell bodies (in ganglia) positioned close to target effector

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11
Q

Preganglionic fibers: neuron takes the info from the _____ to ganglion
Postganglionic fibers: neuron that takes info from the ganglion to the ______

A

spinal cord

visceral organ

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12
Q

Sympathetic NS NTs

A

Acetylcholine
-released at terminals of preganglionic gibers
Norepinephrine
-released at terminals of postganglionic fibers

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13
Q

Parasympathetic NS NTs

A

Acetylcholine

-released at terminals of preganglionic AND postganglionic fibers

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14
Q

SNS has increased activity during times of _______ or ________ stress. 4 E’s?

A

physical or emotional stress

-exercise, emergency, excitement, and embarrassment

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15
Q

What are the characteristics of the SNS?

A

“Fight or Flight”

  • pupil dilation
  • inhibition of salivation/lacrimation
  • stimulation of sweat glands
  • vasoconstriction of blood vessels to skin and gut
  • Piloerection (hair standing up)
  • Bronchodilation
  • Increase in HR and CO
  • Reduction in neural output to digestive tract
  • Stimulation of hormone release
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16
Q

Preganglionic neurons of SNS extend from…

A

T1-L2/3 in lateral horn of spinal gray matter

  • upper to mid thorax: head and thorax
  • lower thorax and lumbar: ab organs, pelvic organs, and LE targets
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17
Q
  1. SNS Preganglionic neuron exits SC and travels to the sympathetic trunk via white communicating rami and synapse _______ with postganglionic neurons at the same ______ level
A
  • immediately

- SC

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18
Q
  1. SNS Preganglionic neuron exits SC and travels to sympathetic trunk via white communicating rami and either ______ or _____ to synapse in more ______ or ______ ganglia
A
  • ascend or descend

- cranial or caudal

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19
Q
  1. SNS Preganglionic neuron exits SC and continues through trunk without synapsing, and later synapse with postganglionic neurons in ________
A

prevertebral ganglia

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20
Q

The SNS preganglionic neurons can take ____ different routes after exiting SC via ventral rami

A

3

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21
Q

The SNS preganglionic neurons have ______ target tissues. What does this allow for?

A

multiple

-allows for SNS to mass activate targets in response to stress!

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22
Q

SNS postganglionic neurons have various targets throughout the body. What are they?

A
  • to blood vessels and skin via gray communicating rami
  • to viscera via prevertebral ganglia (heart, lungs, gut, kidneys, liver, bladder, reproductive organs)
  • to LEs (sweat secretion, vasoconstriction, pilerection)
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23
Q

Parasympathetic NS functions to increase activity during…

A

“rest and digest” periods to conserve energy use and build energy stores

24
Q

What are the direct characteristics of the PNS?

A
  • pupillary constriction
  • activation of salivary and lacrimal glands
  • slowing of HR
  • bronchoconstriction
  • vasodilation of vessels to intestines, rectum, bladder, and reproductive organs
25
Q

Where are the Preganglionic neurons of PNS found? Where do they travel?

A

In the brainstem and sacral SC

-travel to parasympathetic ganglia located close to target muscles and glands

26
Q

Brainstem preganglionic nuclei

A
  • Edinger-Westphal Nuclei
  • Superior and Inferior Salivary Nuclei
  • Nucleus Ambiguous
  • Dorsal Motor Nucleus of Vagus Nerve
27
Q

Sacral preganglionic nuclei

A

lateral horns of S2-S4

28
Q

The PNS does not have any trunk or chain of ganglia, just _______ ganglia

A

clustered

29
Q

PNS pre gang starts in Edinger-Westphal Nuclei and the post gang –>

A

Ciliary muscles for pupillary constriction

30
Q

PNS pre gang starts in Superior and Inferior Salivary Nuclei and the post gang –>

A

Salivary and lacrimal glands

31
Q

PNS pre gang starts in Nucleus Ambiguous and the post gang –>

A

Cardiac muscles for slowing HR

32
Q

PNS pre gang starts in Dorsal Motor Nucleus of Vagus Nerve and the post gang –>

A

thorax and abdomen for glandular secretion
cardiac muscle for slowing of HR
Lungs for bronchoconstriction
Gut for increased motility and digestion

33
Q

PNS pre gang starts in Lateral Horns of S2-S4 and the post gang –>

A

Colon for vasodilation
Rectum for vasodilation
Bladder for muscle contraction
Reproductive organs for penile and clitoral vasodilation

34
Q

Most Autonomic structures are dual innervated by both sympathetic and parasympathetic NS EXCEPT

A 
sweat glands
erector pili muscles
most blood vessels
adrenal medulla
these are sympathetic only
35
Q

Sympathetic responses are longer lasting than parasympathetic responses due to:

A
  • Divergence of preganglionic neurons
  • Longer unmyelinated postganglionic neurons
  • Slower inactivation of norepinephrine in the synapse
  • Presence of norepinephrine and epinephrine from adrenal medulla in blood
36
Q

Accelerated parasympathetic responses can be activated during _________

A

paradoxical fear

-past the point of terror where you just go numb

37
Q

ANS functions controlled by..

A
  • Hypothalamus
  • Brainstem nuclei
  • Amygdala and other limbic structures
  • Medial prefrontal cortex
  • Insular Cortex
38
Q

ANS functions regulated by..

A
  • Baroreceptors
  • Chemoreceptors
  • Osmoreceptors
  • Thermoreceptors
39
Q

Afferent input gets feedback input via ________ nucleus for local autonomic ______. This modulates what?

A
  • solitary
  • reflexes
  • Modulates visceral motor activity
40
Q

Afferent input informs higher integrative centers of more complex patterns of stimulation that may signal ______ and/or may require more ______ control

A
  • danger

- multi-system control

41
Q

Central Autonomic Network accounts for integration of ______ input with input from other sensory modalities and from ________

A
  • visceral

- higher cognitive centers

42
Q

Insular cortex is the primary …

A

visceral sensory area

43
Q

Medial prefrontal cortex is a primary…

A

visceral motor area
Example activity:
-Blushing in response to embarrassing experiences
-Vasoconstriction and pallor in response to fear
-Autonomic responses to sexual situations

44
Q

Hypothalamus (big modulator) projects to…

A

reticular formation, parasympathetic preganglionic nerves in BS and sympathetic & parasympathetic preganglionic neurons on SC

45
Q

Hypothalamus (big modulator) controls…

A

blood flow, regulates energy metabolism, regulates reproductive activity, and coordinates responses to threatening conditions

46
Q

What 4 things help modulate autonomic function?

A

Insular cortex
Medial Prefrontal cortex
Hypothalamus
Hippocampal formation, amygdala

47
Q

Why is the Hippocampal formation, amygdala a modulator for autonomic function?

A

because emotion and memory can trigger the ANS

48
Q

Enteric System is the _______, most _______ system within the autonomic nervous system

A

largest

complex

49
Q

Enteric system exerts control of _____ system through neuronal system embedded in the lining of _____

A

GI

GI organs

50
Q

Enteric system utilizes more than _____ NT’s

A

30 (nicknamed “second brain”)

51
Q

Enteric system is modulated by the ____ and ____ NS

A

SNS and PNS

52
Q

____ of serotonin and ___ of dopamine in body are found in the gut

A

90%

50%

53
Q

Peristalsis

A

moving food down chain with contraction and relaxations

54
Q

Segmentation

A

contraction occurs all over the place to further mix, breaking down into chyme for absorption (washing machine)

55
Q

Hormones secreted by enteric NS

A

gastrin and secretin

56
Q

Sympathetic fibers have _____ preganglionic, ______ postgangionic axons

A

short preganglionic, long postgangionic axons

57
Q

Parasympathetic fibers have _____ preganglionic, _____ postganglionic

A

long preganglionic, short postganglionic

Neuroscience (3 decks)

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