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BISC 407 - Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience > Lecture 1 - Intro + Neural Development > Flashcards

Lecture 1 - Intro + Neural Development Flashcards

1
Q

How much of the overall bodily energy does the brain use?

A

20% - a selfish organ
(liver will even break itself down to give the brain energy)

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2
Q

Can we tell what exactly every neuron in the nervous system can do?

A

with the exception of the retina - no we cannot

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3
Q

How many total human genes are in the genome? How many are ubiquitous? How many are only in the brain and how many are not expressed in the brain?

A

Total - 20,000 genes
Brain - 6,000 genes
Ubiquitous - 8,000 genes
Not in brain - 6,000 genes

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4
Q

What are the ionic concentration of the sea (high sodium, low potassium and high calcium) similar to?

A

our blood or ecf

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5
Q

Where did calcium come from in our blood?

A

limestone deposits brought calcium into the sea

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6
Q

Why is calcium concentration low in our cells?

A

-calcium in the cell is cytotoxic because it can form precipitates with phosphates and that is why nature made us have low conc. and exploits this to make calcium a secondary messenger

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7
Q

What is the soma of a neuron?

A

cell body or control center

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8
Q

What is the dendrite of a neuron?

A

signal input

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9
Q

What is the axon of a neuron?

A

specialized for long range electrical trasnfer

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10
Q

What is the synapse of a neuron?

A

output - transfer elec info into chemical and back into elec

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11
Q

What are some of the key experimental organisms and techniques used in molecular neuroscience?

A

model systems - drosophilia, worms, rodents
genetics - drosophilia
-development - frog xenpus oocyte and chick embryo because they are very malleable

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12
Q

What are the developmental axes?

A

the rostral-caudal axis

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13
Q

What are the three germ layers and at what stage of development are we at when they are present?

A

ectoderm, mesoderm, endoderm
-later than a blastocyst 5-10 days after conception

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14
Q

What does the ectoderm form?

A

forms the nervous system, exoskeleton, skin, CNS and PNS

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15
Q

What does the mesoderm form?

A

develops into organs and muscles, connective tissue and vascular system

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16
Q

What does the endoderm form?

A

the inner lining or organs; such as the digestive tract from the mouth to the anus; lung, pancreas, liver

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17
Q

What are the three primary model systems in development and why?

A

-chick embryos - have a three week development cycle so can take the embryo out manipulate it and put in
-xenopus frog oocyte - cheap, translucent and easy to manipulate
-mice (later in genetics)

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18
Q

In human development when do you have the nervous system?

A

-within a month

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19
Q

Humans and flies look similar in what stages of development?

A

in the earlier stages (up to stage 18 or 19) and then they diverge

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20
Q

When does nervous system development occur in mice and humans?

A

mice - the first and second week
humans - first and second month

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21
Q

At one month in a human or 2 weeks in a mouse what two flexures are present and what do they become?

A

-cephalic flexure - forebrain, midbrain, and part of the hindbrain
-cervical flexure - remaining hindbrain and psinal cord

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22
Q

If you stain for a ubiquitous nervous system gene where will you see regionalization occur?

A

in the ectoderm

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23
Q

What are the key events that underlie morphogenesis of the nervous system early in development?

A

-the regionalization of the neural tube

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24
Q

What does the ectoderm give rise to and what is it a precursor of?

A

neural plate - precursor of the CNS and PNS

25
Q

What does the neural plate do to form the neural groove?

A

invaginate

26
Q

What does the neural plate once it has invaginated to form the neural groove do to form the neural tube?

A

-buckles at its midline to form the neural tube

27
Q

What folds close to form the neural tube?

A

the dorsal neural folds

28
Q

What does the neural tube lie over and what does it do?

A

the notochord - forms the vertebral column or bones of spinal cord -send Shh signals to differentiate dorsal versus ventral neurons

29
Q

What is the neural tube flanked by?

A

somites - they are mesodermal cells which give ruse to muscle and cartilage - send signals to differentiate anterior and posterior

30
Q

What gives rise to three vesicles in the neural tube and when do you see this in mice?

A

-differences in the rate of cell proliferation
-one week in mice

31
Q

What are the three vesicles the neural tube gives rise to?

A

-proencephalon - forebrain
-mesencephlon - midbrain
-rhombencephalon - hindbrain

32
Q

At what stage in mice does the three vesicle neural tube give rise to five vesicles?

A

2 weeks in mice

33
Q

What does the forebrain become during the five vesicle stage?

A

diencephalon and telencephalon

34
Q

What does the midbrain become during the five vesicle stage?

A

remains as the mesencephalon or midbrain

35
Q

What does the hindbrain become during the five vesicle stage?

A

metencephalon (pons and cerebellum)
myelencephalon (medulla)

36
Q

What drives the progressive patterning and subdivision of cells and tissues in the brain?

A

many secreted molecules; every cell is drive to become something by default - how do you interrupt the default program and cause it to become something else
-the default is female but signals secrete to become male

37
Q

What is the yin and yang of life or biology and how do you interrupt it?

A

all biological processes are programmed by default to do or become something
-can inhibit an activator or inhibit and inhibitor

38
Q

What is the organizer region?

A

-plays an instructive role early in differentiation
-dorsal ectoderm; causes nervous system differentiation

39
Q

If you take from a donor embryo of a frog xenopus oocyte and organizer region from the dorsal ectoderm what will happen to the receiving transplanted embryo?

A

two neural tubes will be developed so the organizer region is important in playing a role of the early nervous system organization

40
Q

What are ectodermal cells supposed to be if there is nothing present?

A

neural tissue

41
Q

If BMP is secreted from the ventral mesoderm then what to ectodermal cells become?

A

epidermal cells or skin cells

42
Q

If BMP inhibitors are being secreted from the organizer region or dorsal ectoderm what do the ectodermal cells become even if BMP is being secreted from the ventral mesoderm?

A

neurons again

43
Q

What are BMPs or bone morphogenetic proteins?

A

BMPs: group of growth factors and they play key role in morphogenetic signaling
-secreted proteins that are secreted out of cells and they signal active properties to other cell
-the first cells that were cloned were found to induce bond formation and a mutation that lead to constitutively active BMP lead random cells to be constantly instructed to become bone

44
Q

What is mediated by peptide growth factors (BMPs) and their inhibitors (follistatin, chordin, nogin)?

A

neurons

45
Q

What is the organizer region generating?

A

BMP inhibitors

46
Q

What do ventral mesodermal cells and the ectoderm secrete?

A

BMP

47
Q

What do the cells become in the presence of BMP?

A

skin cells

48
Q

What do the cells become in the presence of BMP inhibitors or no BMP?

A

neurons

49
Q

What is the default program of all ectodermal cells?

A

neurons

50
Q

If BMP is present what do ectodermal cells become?

A

skin cells

51
Q

If BMP inhibitors are present what do the cells become?

A

neurons

52
Q

What turns on the secretion of BMPs from part of the ectoderm and ventral mesoderm?

A

Transcription factors

53
Q

How do BMP inhibitors work and what are some examples of them?

A

they are secreted from the organizer region of the dorsal ectoderm and bind to BMP and block the ability of ectodermal cells to become skin
-chordin, noggin, follistatin

54
Q

What promotes epidermal cell fate?

A

BMPs

55
Q

If you take the ectoderm that is not the organizing region and leave those cells in a petri dish what do they become?

A

skin cells

56
Q

If you take the ectoderm that is not the organizing region and leave those cells in a petri dish what do they become then add BMP inhibitors what do they become?

A

neurons

57
Q

If you dissociate the cells what do they become and why?

A

neurons because the BMP concentration is not high enough when they are not close together to make them skin cells

58
Q
A

BISC 407 - Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience (23 decks)

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