Lecture 1 Intro History-C (E 1) Flashcards

Ch 1, 2, Micro History

1
Q

Robert Hooke

A

Polymath, made some of the first compound microscopes. Coined the term “cell” to describe what he saw Published “Micrographia” -1665

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2
Q

Antonie Van Leeuwenhoek -1632-1723

A

Draper, dealer of cloth. Developed simple microscopes that were some of the most powerful (250X) of their day. Wrote down what he saw and sent it to the Royal Society.

“Aminacules”- protozoa, fungi, red blood cells, spermatozoa, bacteria

Set the stage

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3
Q

Edward Jenner- 1749-1823

A

Father of Immunology
Variolation was a common practice to prevent smallpox
-Took a cowpox lesion and infected a boy who had never had smallpox ~2 weeks later he purposefully infected him with smallpox
We get out word vaccination from the latin word cow (vacca)

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4
Q

Edward Jenner Key Concepts

A

Survival of infection may lead to protective immunity
Related pathogens may cross-product

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5
Q

Ignaz Semmelweis- 1818-1865

A

(Pre-germ theory)
Discovered that washing hands before seeing expectant mothers cut down immensely on puerperal fever (childbirth fever) Ridiculed his critics, died in insane asylum

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6
Q

Joseph Lister- 1827-1912

A

(Post-germ theory) Took things a step further and disinfected clothing, bedding, instruments prior to and after surgery. Survival increased dramatically, Used Carbolic acid (phenol and water)
Phenol Coefficient

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7
Q

Ignaz Semmelweis and Joseph Lister Key Concept

A

Application of germ theory to preventive medicine

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8
Q

Louis Pasteur 1822-1895

A

Molecular chirality
Fermentation- What and how
Pasteurization- heat shock to vegetative bacteria, food preservation
Sterilization
Germ Theory- definitve experiments against spontaneous generation
Vaccines- Rabies, Cholera, Anthrax

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9
Q

Robert Koch 1843-1910

A

1905 Nobel Peace Prize in Medicine
Discovered: Myobacterium tuberculosis, Vibrio cholera
Bacillus anthracis- first bacteria definitively tied to human disease
Bacterial growth and media stains

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10
Q

Kochs postulates

A
  1. The microorganism must be found in abundance in all organisms suffering from the disease, but not found in healthy organisms
  2. The microorganism must be isolated from a disease organism and grown in pure culture
  3. The cultured microorganism should cause disease when introduced into a healthy organism.
  4. The microorganism must be re-isolated from the inoculated, diseased experimental host and identified as being identical to the original specific causative agent
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11
Q

Microbiota; Normal flora

A

Community of microbes that live in and on an individual; can vary substantially between environment sites and host niches in health and disease

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12
Q

Core microbiome

A

Aggregate collection of microbial genomes in the microbiota

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13
Q

Secondary microbiome

A

Commonly shared microbial species among individuals at specific body sites; although typically represented by a limited number of species, there comprise the largest proportion of the microbial population

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14
Q

Functional redundancy

A

Required functions (e.g., metabolism of nutrients, regulation of the immune response) that are provided by the diverse members of the microbiota

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15
Q

Taxonomic diversity

A

The diverse number of species that comprise the microbiota

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16
Q

Prebiotic

A

Food ingredient that supports the growth of one or more members of the microbiota

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17
Q

Probiotic

A

Live organism that when ingested is believed to provide benefit to the host

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18
Q

Prokaryotic

A

Unicellular orgranisms, reproduce by asexual division (but they can trade genes)
Most have single circular DNA genome
All have a lipid bilayer membrane
Gram Positive- Thick peptidoglycan layer
Gram Negative- Think peptidoglycan layer, overlaying outer membrane

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19
Q

Eukaryotic

A

Unicellular or multicellular
Fungi-
Membrane bound organelles
Complex cell walls may contain chitin, chitosan, glucan, many different polysaccariches
Parasites

20
Q

Fungi

A

Yeast- Unicellular form- usually replicate asexually
Mold- filamentous form can replicate asexually and sexually
Complex life cycles, Most fungi exist as either yeasts or molds; Dimorphic- fungi that can assume either morphology.
Most are not pathogenic, some are commensals/oppurtunists
A Few Major Pathogens:
Trichophyton(Athlete’s Foot), Candidiasis(Thrush), Aspergillus

21
Q

Parasites

A

Complex life cycle with a single cell (microscopic) stage- multiple hosts, environment, modes of transmission
Unicellular and Mutlicelluar
Protozoa (4-5 um in diamters -the size of some bacteria)
Helminths- Nematodes(roundworm), Trematodes(flukes), Cestodes(tapeworm)
Anthropods- Frequent vectors
Reinfection is the norm, treatsments invovle disruption of life cycle

22
Q

Bacterial Morphology

A

Some bacteria lack a cell wall structure and survive only inside host cells
Size (1 to 20 um or larger)
Shape (spheres, rods, spirals, vibrio)
Spatial arrangement (single cells, chains, clusters)
Phenotypic and genotypic properties form the basis of classification
Most bacteria are non-pathogenic
Many can be commensal on the humans body (transient or premenant)
(Staphlococcus, Streptococcus, Neisseria, Salmonells, Cholera)

23
Q

Gram-Negative Bacteria

A

Diplococci(Aerobic), Coccobacilli, Bacilli( Lactose fermenting), Comma-shaped( Oxidase-positivie- Grows in 42C, grows in alkaline media, Urease producing)

24
Q

Gram-Positive Bacteria

A

Bacilli -Faculative anaerobic, anaerobic
Cocci- Aerobic
Branching Filiments- Aerobic, Anaerobic

25
Q

Parts of Bacterial Cell

A

Fill in the organism!

26
Q

Viral Genome Structures

A

Smallest infectious particles
Ranging in diameter from 18 to 600 nanometers
Genome- Typically either DNA or RNA but not both
Genome enclosed in a protein coat (Nucleocapsid)

27
Q

Carbohydrate

A

(C, H, O) Polar
Include agar, chitin, lipopolysaccharid, glycogen, starch
form the glycocaylx
-Structural support and protection
-Serve as nutrient and energy stores
-Cell walls in plants and many microscopic algae from cellulose

28
Q

Triglyceride (carbohydrates)

A

Fats
Oils
Primarily energy storage

29
Q

Phospholipids (lipids)

A

Amphipathic
2 Fatty acids (hydrophobic)
Phosphate (hydrophilic)
Important membrane molecules (sequestration)

30
Q

Sterols

A

Eukaryotes
Multi-ring structure
Used in membranes- Cholesterol, ergosteral
Insert between fatty acid chains of phospholipids
Bile acids- gut homeostasis nutrient adsorption
Hormones

31
Q

Protein

A

(C,H,O,N,S) (polar)
Can be structural
(i.e Actin, cytoskeleton of cell)
Mechanical (ie dynein, moves flagella)
Enzymatic (biological catalysts)
(most drug target enzymes, they have a certain shape)
Develop unique shape, so molecules that only interacts with certain molecules (ex, Enzymes and antibodies)

32
Q

Protein Structure

A

1, Primary structure is the order of amino acids
2 Secondary structure is localized modular structure (coils, sheets)
3. Tertiary structure is the three dimensional shape of the protein (folded secondary structure)
4. Quaternary structure is the association of more than one poly-peptide chain

33
Q

Protein Native state

A

the functional three-dimensional form of a protein

34
Q

Protein- Denatured

A

when the protein’s native state has been disrupted- heat, pH, solvents, ect

35
Q

DNA

A

Deoxyribo-Nucleic-Acid
The genetic material of all cells
A, T, G, C
Purines (A,G)
Pyrimidines (C,T)
A-T
C-G

36
Q

Nucleic Acids

A

(C,H,O,P) (Polar)
DNA
RNA

37
Q

RNA

A

Ribo-Nucleic-Acid
Organizer of protein synthesis
Involved in translation
Several kinds-
mRNA-Messenger
rRNA-Ribosomal
tRNA-Transfer
snRNA-Small nuclear
U not T

38
Q

Covalent Bond

A

Sharing of electrons in outer shell (strongest)

39
Q

Ionic Bond

A

Unequal sharing of electrons in outer shell (second strongest)

40
Q

Hydrogen Bond

A

Charge attraction between molecules (weakest)

41
Q

Polar Molecule

A

Some atoms do not share electrons equally (Oxygen binds tightly; Hydrogen bonds weakly)
Unequal distribution of electrons forms a polar molecule
True of most large biological molecules

42
Q

Signs

A

any objective evidence of disease as noted by an observer (measurable: fever, cell counts, bacterial presence/counts)

43
Q

Symptoms

A

the subjective evidence of disease as sensed by the patient (aches, pains, malaise)

44
Q

Signs and symptoms

A

Syndrome- when a disease can be identified or defined by a certain complex of signs and symptoms

45
Q

Host susceptibility

A

genetic background, nutritional state, environment
Things to remember: common infections of specific body sites and tissues
age
host condition
other indications/diseases