Lecture 1 Intro History-C (E 1)

Question 1

Robert Hooke

Answer 1

Polymath, made some of the first compound microscopes. Coined the term “cell” to describe what he saw Published “Micrographia” -1665

Question 2

Antonie Van Leeuwenhoek -1632-1723

Answer 2

Draper, dealer of cloth. Developed simple microscopes that were some of the most powerful (250X) of their day. Wrote down what he saw and sent it to the Royal Society.

“Aminacules”- protozoa, fungi, red blood cells, spermatozoa, bacteria

Set the stage

Question 3

Edward Jenner- 1749-1823

Answer 3

Father of Immunology
Variolation was a common practice to prevent smallpox
-Took a cowpox lesion and infected a boy who had never had smallpox ~2 weeks later he purposefully infected him with smallpox
We get out word vaccination from the latin word cow (vacca)

Question 4

Edward Jenner Key Concepts

Answer 4

Survival of infection may lead to protective immunity
Related pathogens may cross-product

Question 5

Ignaz Semmelweis- 1818-1865

Answer 5

(Pre-germ theory)
Discovered that washing hands before seeing expectant mothers cut down immensely on puerperal fever (childbirth fever) Ridiculed his critics, died in insane asylum

Question 6

Joseph Lister- 1827-1912

Answer 6

(Post-germ theory) Took things a step further and disinfected clothing, bedding, instruments prior to and after surgery. Survival increased dramatically, Used Carbolic acid (phenol and water)
Phenol Coefficient

Question 7

Ignaz Semmelweis and Joseph Lister Key Concept

Answer 7

Application of germ theory to preventive medicine

Question 8

Louis Pasteur 1822-1895

Answer 8

Molecular chirality
Fermentation- What and how
Pasteurization- heat shock to vegetative bacteria, food preservation
Sterilization
Germ Theory- definitve experiments against spontaneous generation
Vaccines- Rabies, Cholera, Anthrax

Question 9

Robert Koch 1843-1910

Answer 9

1905 Nobel Peace Prize in Medicine
Discovered: Myobacterium tuberculosis, Vibrio cholera
Bacillus anthracis- first bacteria definitively tied to human disease
Bacterial growth and media stains

Question 10

Kochs postulates

Answer 10

1. The microorganism must be found in abundance in all organisms suffering from the disease, but not found in healthy organisms
2. The microorganism must be isolated from a disease organism and grown in pure culture
3. The cultured microorganism should cause disease when introduced into a healthy organism.
4. The microorganism must be re-isolated from the inoculated, diseased experimental host and identified as being identical to the original specific causative agent

Question 11

Microbiota; Normal flora

Answer 11

Community of microbes that live in and on an individual; can vary substantially between environment sites and host niches in health and disease

Question 12

Core microbiome

Answer 12

Aggregate collection of microbial genomes in the microbiota

Question 13

Secondary microbiome

Answer 13

Commonly shared microbial species among individuals at specific body sites; although typically represented by a limited number of species, there comprise the largest proportion of the microbial population

Question 14

Functional redundancy

Answer 14

Required functions (e.g., metabolism of nutrients, regulation of the immune response) that are provided by the diverse members of the microbiota

Question 15

Taxonomic diversity

Answer 15

The diverse number of species that comprise the microbiota

Question 16

Prebiotic

Answer 16

Food ingredient that supports the growth of one or more members of the microbiota

Question 17

Probiotic

Answer 17

Live organism that when ingested is believed to provide benefit to the host

Question 18

Prokaryotic

Answer 18

Unicellular orgranisms, reproduce by asexual division (but they can trade genes)
Most have single circular DNA genome
All have a lipid bilayer membrane
Gram Positive- Thick peptidoglycan layer
Gram Negative- Think peptidoglycan layer, overlaying outer membrane

Question 19

Eukaryotic

Answer 19

Unicellular or multicellular
Fungi-
Membrane bound organelles
Complex cell walls may contain chitin, chitosan, glucan, many different polysaccariches
Parasites

Question 20

Fungi

Answer 20

Yeast- Unicellular form- usually replicate asexually
Mold- filamentous form can replicate asexually and sexually
Complex life cycles, Most fungi exist as either yeasts or molds; Dimorphic- fungi that can assume either morphology.
Most are not pathogenic, some are commensals/oppurtunists
A Few Major Pathogens:
Trichophyton(Athlete’s Foot), Candidiasis(Thrush), Aspergillus

Question 21

Parasites

Answer 21

Complex life cycle with a single cell (microscopic) stage- multiple hosts, environment, modes of transmission
Unicellular and Mutlicelluar
Protozoa (4-5 um in diamters -the size of some bacteria)
Helminths- Nematodes(roundworm), Trematodes(flukes), Cestodes(tapeworm)
Anthropods- Frequent vectors
Reinfection is the norm, treatsments invovle disruption of life cycle

Question 22

Bacterial Morphology

Answer 22

Some bacteria lack a cell wall structure and survive only inside host cells
Size (1 to 20 um or larger)
Shape (spheres, rods, spirals, vibrio)
Spatial arrangement (single cells, chains, clusters)
Phenotypic and genotypic properties form the basis of classification
Most bacteria are non-pathogenic
Many can be commensal on the humans body (transient or premenant)
(Staphlococcus, Streptococcus, Neisseria, Salmonells, Cholera)

Question 23

Gram-Negative Bacteria

Answer 23

Diplococci(Aerobic), Coccobacilli, Bacilli( Lactose fermenting), Comma-shaped( Oxidase-positivie- Grows in 42C, grows in alkaline media, Urease producing)

Question 24

Gram-Positive Bacteria

Answer 24

Bacilli -Faculative anaerobic, anaerobic
Cocci- Aerobic
Branching Filiments- Aerobic, Anaerobic

Question 25

Parts of Bacterial Cell

Answer 25

Fill in the organism!

Question 26

Viral Genome Structures

Answer 26

Smallest infectious particles
Ranging in diameter from 18 to 600 nanometers
Genome- Typically either DNA or RNA but not both
Genome enclosed in a protein coat (Nucleocapsid)

Question 27

Carbohydrate

Answer 27

(C, H, O) Polar
Include agar, chitin, lipopolysaccharid, glycogen, starch
form the glycocaylx
-Structural support and protection
-Serve as nutrient and energy stores
-Cell walls in plants and many microscopic algae from cellulose

Question 28

Triglyceride (carbohydrates)

Answer 28

Fats
Oils
Primarily energy storage

Question 29

Phospholipids (lipids)

Answer 29

Amphipathic
2 Fatty acids (hydrophobic)
Phosphate (hydrophilic)
Important membrane molecules (sequestration)

Question 30

Sterols

Answer 30

Eukaryotes
Multi-ring structure
Used in membranes- Cholesterol, ergosteral
Insert between fatty acid chains of phospholipids
Bile acids- gut homeostasis nutrient adsorption
Hormones

Question 31

Protein

Answer 31

(C,H,O,N,S) (polar)
Can be structural
(i.e Actin, cytoskeleton of cell)
Mechanical (ie dynein, moves flagella)
Enzymatic (biological catalysts)
(most drug target enzymes, they have a certain shape)
Develop unique shape, so molecules that only interacts with certain molecules (ex, Enzymes and antibodies)

Question 32

Protein Structure

Answer 32

1, Primary structure is the order of amino acids
2 Secondary structure is localized modular structure (coils, sheets)
3. Tertiary structure is the three dimensional shape of the protein (folded secondary structure)
4. Quaternary structure is the association of more than one poly-peptide chain

Question 33

Protein Native state

Answer 33

the functional three-dimensional form of a protein

Question 34

Protein- Denatured

Answer 34

when the protein’s native state has been disrupted- heat, pH, solvents, ect

Question 35

DNA

Answer 35

Deoxyribo-Nucleic-Acid
The genetic material of all cells
A, T, G, C
Purines (A,G)
Pyrimidines (C,T)
A-T
C-G

Question 36

Nucleic Acids

Answer 36

(C,H,O,P) (Polar)
DNA
RNA

Question 37

RNA

Answer 37

Ribo-Nucleic-Acid
Organizer of protein synthesis
Involved in translation
Several kinds-
mRNA-Messenger
rRNA-Ribosomal
tRNA-Transfer
snRNA-Small nuclear
U not T

Question 38

Covalent Bond

Answer 38

Sharing of electrons in outer shell (strongest)

Question 39

Ionic Bond

Answer 39

Unequal sharing of electrons in outer shell (second strongest)

Question 40

Hydrogen Bond

Answer 40

Charge attraction between molecules (weakest)

Question 41

Polar Molecule

Answer 41

Some atoms do not share electrons equally (Oxygen binds tightly; Hydrogen bonds weakly)
Unequal distribution of electrons forms a polar molecule
True of most large biological molecules

Question 42

Signs

Answer 42

any objective evidence of disease as noted by an observer (measurable: fever, cell counts, bacterial presence/counts)

Question 43

Symptoms

Answer 43

the subjective evidence of disease as sensed by the patient (aches, pains, malaise)

Question 44

Signs and symptoms

Answer 44

Syndrome- when a disease can be identified or defined by a certain complex of signs and symptoms

Question 45

Host susceptibility

Answer 45

genetic background, nutritional state, environment
Things to remember: common infections of specific body sites and tissues
age
host condition
other indications/diseases