Lecture 1 Intro History-C (E 1) Flashcards
Ch 1, 2, Micro History
Robert Hooke
Polymath, made some of the first compound microscopes. Coined the term “cell” to describe what he saw Published “Micrographia” -1665
Antonie Van Leeuwenhoek -1632-1723
Draper, dealer of cloth. Developed simple microscopes that were some of the most powerful (250X) of their day. Wrote down what he saw and sent it to the Royal Society.
“Aminacules”- protozoa, fungi, red blood cells, spermatozoa, bacteria
Set the stage
Edward Jenner- 1749-1823
Father of Immunology
Variolation was a common practice to prevent smallpox
-Took a cowpox lesion and infected a boy who had never had smallpox ~2 weeks later he purposefully infected him with smallpox
We get out word vaccination from the latin word cow (vacca)
Edward Jenner Key Concepts
Survival of infection may lead to protective immunity
Related pathogens may cross-product
Ignaz Semmelweis- 1818-1865
(Pre-germ theory)
Discovered that washing hands before seeing expectant mothers cut down immensely on puerperal fever (childbirth fever) Ridiculed his critics, died in insane asylum
Joseph Lister- 1827-1912
(Post-germ theory) Took things a step further and disinfected clothing, bedding, instruments prior to and after surgery. Survival increased dramatically, Used Carbolic acid (phenol and water)
Phenol Coefficient
Ignaz Semmelweis and Joseph Lister Key Concept
Application of germ theory to preventive medicine
Louis Pasteur 1822-1895
Molecular chirality
Fermentation- What and how
Pasteurization- heat shock to vegetative bacteria, food preservation
Sterilization
Germ Theory- definitve experiments against spontaneous generation
Vaccines- Rabies, Cholera, Anthrax
Robert Koch 1843-1910
1905 Nobel Peace Prize in Medicine
Discovered: Myobacterium tuberculosis, Vibrio cholera
Bacillus anthracis- first bacteria definitively tied to human disease
Bacterial growth and media stains
Kochs postulates
- The microorganism must be found in abundance in all organisms suffering from the disease, but not found in healthy organisms
- The microorganism must be isolated from a disease organism and grown in pure culture
- The cultured microorganism should cause disease when introduced into a healthy organism.
- The microorganism must be re-isolated from the inoculated, diseased experimental host and identified as being identical to the original specific causative agent
Microbiota; Normal flora
Community of microbes that live in and on an individual; can vary substantially between environment sites and host niches in health and disease
Core microbiome
Aggregate collection of microbial genomes in the microbiota
Secondary microbiome
Commonly shared microbial species among individuals at specific body sites; although typically represented by a limited number of species, there comprise the largest proportion of the microbial population
Functional redundancy
Required functions (e.g., metabolism of nutrients, regulation of the immune response) that are provided by the diverse members of the microbiota
Taxonomic diversity
The diverse number of species that comprise the microbiota
Prebiotic
Food ingredient that supports the growth of one or more members of the microbiota
Probiotic
Live organism that when ingested is believed to provide benefit to the host
Prokaryotic
Unicellular orgranisms, reproduce by asexual division (but they can trade genes)
Most have single circular DNA genome
All have a lipid bilayer membrane
Gram Positive- Thick peptidoglycan layer
Gram Negative- Think peptidoglycan layer, overlaying outer membrane