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Microbial Pathogenesis > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Polymer

A

A molecule consisting of numerous smaller units that are linked together in an organized manner. Polymers may be linear or branched and may consist of one or more kinds of structural units (monomers).

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2
Q

Nucleolus (pl. nucleoli)

A

The dark-staining region of the eukaryotic nucleus, where ribosomal RNA (rRNA) is transcribed and processed and where ribosomes are assembled.

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3
Q

Chloroplasts

A

The plant organelles in which photosynthesis takes place.

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4
Q

Transformation

A

(1) The permanent alteration of a bacterial cell’s genetic message through the introduction of foreign DNA. (2) The genetic changes that convert a normal cell to a cancerous cell.

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5
Q

Spontaneous process

A

A thermodynamic process that occurs without the input of free energy from outside the system. Spontaneity is independent of the rate of a process.

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6
Q

Bioinformatics

A

The study of biological information in the form of molecular sequences and structures; e.g., structural bioinformatics.

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7
Q

Replication

A

The process of making an identical copy of a DNA molecule. During DNA replication, the parental polynucleotide strands separate so that each can direct the synthesis of a complementary daughter strand, resulting in two complete DNA double helices.

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8
Q

Eubacteria

A

One of the two major groups of prokaryotes (the other is archaea).

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9
Q

Eukarya

A

See eukaryote.

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10
Q

Domain

A

A group of one or a few polypeptide segments of about 40–200 residues that folds into a globular unit.

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11
Q

Gibbs free energy

A

See free energy.

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12
Q

Steady state

A

A set of conditions in an open system under which the formation and degradation of individual components are balanced such that the system does not change over time.

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13
Q

Condensation reaction

A

The formation of a covalent bond between two molecules, during which the elements of water are lost; the reverse of hydrolysis.

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14
Q

Molecularity

A

The number of molecules that participate in an elementary chemical reaction.

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15
Q

Reverse transcriptase (RT)

A

A DNA polymerase that uses RNA as its template.

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16
Q

Open system

A

A thermodynamic system that can exchange matter and energy with its surroundings.

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17
Q

Nucleus

A

The membrane-enveloped organelle in which the eukaryotic cell’s genetic material is located.

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18
Q

Golgi apparatus

A

A eukaryotic organelle consisting of a set of flattened membranous sacs in which newly synthesized proteins and lipids are modified.

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19
Q

Eukaryote

A

An organism consisting of a cell (or cells) whose genetic material is contained in a membrane-bounded nucleus.

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20
Q

Halobacteria

A

Bacteria that thrive in (and may require) high salinity.

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21
Q

Archaea

A

One of the two major groups of prokaryotes (the other is eubacteria). Also known as archaebacteria.

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22
Q

Endoplasmic reticulum (ER)

A

A labyrinthine membranous organelle in eukaryotic cells in which membrane lipids are synthesized and proteins destined for secretion, membrane insertion, and residence in certain organelles undergo posttranslational modification.

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23
Q

Lysosome

A

A membrane-bounded organelle in a eukaryotic cell that contains a battery of hydrolytic enzymes and which functions to digest ingested material and to recycle cell components.

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24
Q

State function

A

Quantities such as energy, enthalpy, entropy, and free energy, whose values depend only on the current state of the system, not on how they reached that state.

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25
Q

Prokaryote

A

A unicellular organism that lacks a membrane-bounded nucleus. All bacteria are prokaryotes.

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26
Q

Catalyst

A

A substance that promotes a chemical reaction without itself undergoing permanent change. A catalyst increases the rate at which a reaction approaches equilibrium but does not affect the free energy change of the reaction.

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27
Q

Biochemical standard state

A

A set of conditions including unit activities of the species of interest, a temperature of 25°C, a pressure of 1 atm, and a pH of 7.0.

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28
Q

kb

A

Kilobase pair; 1 kb = 1000 base

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29
Q

Kilobase pair

A

Kilobase pair; 1 kb = 1000 base pairs (bp).

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30
Q

Mutation

A

A heritable alteration in an organism’s genetic material.

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31
Q

in vivo

A

In a living organism.

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32
Q

Phylogeny

A

The study of the evolutionary relationships among organisms.

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33
Q

Rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER)

A

That portion of the endoplasmic reticulum associated with ribosomes; it is the site of synthesis of membrane proteins and proteins destined for secretion or residence in certain organelles.

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34
Q

Symbiosis

A

A mutually dependent relationship between two organisms.

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35
Q

Thermodynamics

A

The study of the relationships among various forms of energy.

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36
Q

Vacuole

A

An intracellular vesicle for storing water or other molecules.

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37
Q

Homeostasis

A

The maintenance of a steady state in an organism. See also metabolic homeostasis.

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38
Q

Monomer

A

(1) A structural unit from which a polymer is built up. (2) A single subunit or protomer of a multisubunit protein.

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39
Q

Organelle

A

A differentiated structure within a eukaryotic cell, such as a mitochondrion, ribosome, or lysosome, that performs specific functions.

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40
Q

Isolated system

A

A thermodynamic system that cannot exchange matter or energy with its surroundings.

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41
Q

Equilibrium

A

The point in a process at which the forward and reverse reaction rates are exactly balanced so that it undergoes no net change.

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42
Q

Metabolism

A

The total of all degradative and biosynthetic cellular reactions.

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43
Q

Mitochondria (sing. mitochondrion)

A

The double-membrane-enveloped eukaryotic organelles in which aerobic metabolic reactions occur, including those of the citric acid cycle, fatty acid oxidation, and oxidative phosphorylation.

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44
Q

Phylogenetic tree

A

A reconstruction of the probable paths of evolution of a set of related organisms, usually based on sequence variations among their homologous proteins and nucleic acids; a sort of family tree.

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45
Q

Compartmentation

A

The division of a cell into smaller functionally discrete systems.

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46
Q

Peroxisome

A

A eukaryotic organelle with specialized oxidative functions.

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47
Q

Evolution

A

The gradual alteration of an organism or one of its components through natural selection as a result of genetic changes that are passed from parent to offspring.

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48
Q

System

A

In thermodynamics, the part of the universe that is of interest; the rest of the universe is the surroundings. See also closed system, isolated system, and open system.

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49
Q

Functional group

A

A portion of a molecule that participates in interactions with other substances. Common functional groups in biochemistry are acyl, amido, amino, carbonyl, carboxyl, diphosphoryl (pyrophosphoryl), ester, ether, hydroxyl, imino, phosphoryl, and sulfhydryl groups.

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50
Q

Ribosome

A

The organelle that synthesizes polypeptides under the direction of mRNA. It consists of around two-thirds RNA and one-third protein.

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51
Q

Free energy (G)

A

A thermodynamic quantity, G = H− TS, whose change at constant pressure is indicative of the spontaneity of a process. For spontaneous processes, ΔG < 0, whereas for a process at equilibrium, ΔG = 0. Also called the Gibbs free energy.

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52
Q

Natural selection

A

The evolutionary process by which the continued existence of a replicating entity depends on its ability to survive and reproduce under the existing conditions.

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53
Q

Chromatin

A

The complex of DNA and protein that comprises the eukaryotic chromosomes.

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54
Q

Closed system

A

A thermodynamic system that can exchange energy but not matter with its surroundings.

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55
Q

Bacteria

A

The organisms comprising the two major groups of prokaryotes, the archaea and the eubacteria.

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56
Q

Vesicle

A

A fluid-filled sac enclosed by a membrane.

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57
Q

What is Bacteria?

A

The organisms comprising the two major groups of prokaryotes, the archaea and the eubacteria.

Example sentence: Bacteria play a crucial role in various ecological processes.

58
Q

What is a Vesicle?

A

A fluid-filled sac enclosed by a membrane.

Example sentence: Vesicles are involved in intracellular transport within cells.

Microbial Pathogenesis (11 decks)

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