Lecture 1: Intro

Question 1

define packaging

Answer 1

enclosure of products, items, packages in a wrapped pouch, bag, cup, etc…

to preserve quality and freshness of food

to add appeal to consumers

facilitate storage and distribution

Question 2

what are possible functions of packaging?

Answer 2

protection
preservation
communication
utility
performance

Question 3

what forms of packaging did egyptians use?

Answer 3

glass bottles

papyrus

Question 4

what packaging did the chinese use?

Answer 4

flexible packaging made from treated mulberry bark

Question 5

what did nicholas appert invent?

Answer 5

heat preservation of foods in glass containers

Question 6

what did peter durand invent?

Answer 6

tin canister for heat processed food

biscuit tins by 1830’s

Question 7

what did john goffee rand invent?

what did this lead to?

Answer 7

first metal tube extruded in tin

led to toothpaste invention in 1890’s

Question 8

what did John L mason patent?

Answer 8

mason jar

Question 9

what did A.L. jones patent?

Answer 9

corrugated paperboard

Question 10

where does the name cellophane come from?

Answer 10

cellulose + diaphane

diaphance = french word for transparent

Question 11

what was polyester first used for?

Answer 11

it was used as a strong film for bottle material

Question 12

what is PETE?

Answer 12

polyethelene terphthalate

Question 13

where was polyethylene discovered?

Answer 13

england

Question 14

what is thermoforming

what was it first used for?

Answer 14

process of heating and forming sheet plastics

originated in France for use as shrinkable film on meats

Question 15

what was nylon first used to make?

what was it used for after?

Answer 15

first use: toothbrush bristles

after: used in packaging as a film and molded parts in aerosol valves

Question 16

what is PA?

Answer 16

polyamide

Question 17

what is saran wrap composed of?

what is it used for?

Answer 17

polyvinylidene chloride (PVDC)

used as high barrier material to extend shelf-life of foods

Question 18

what is HDPE

Answer 18

high density polyethylene

used on milk jugs in supermarkets and mayonnaise jars

Question 19

what was the first state to restrict packaging? and for what?

Answer 19

oregon

restricted packaging by banning non-returnable bottles for soft drinks

Question 20

what is UPC

Answer 20

universal product code

barcode

Question 21

in 1976, what was used in the US to reduce mould growth in partially baked pizza?

Answer 21

ethanol spray

Question 22

what’s freshmax?

Answer 22

O2 absorbent labels used in MAP processed meats

Question 23

what are reasons for growth of packaging?

Answer 23

• industrial revolution
• new packaging materials and equipment
• changing demographics
• changes in merchandising

Question 24

how did the industrial revolution affect growth of packaging?

Answer 24

• machinery led to mass production
• shift from agricultural to factory workers
• increased urbanization
• increased need to transport food to cities
• growth of food shops in cities

Question 25

how did changing demographics affects growth of packaging?

Answer 25

• more women working means less time available for shopping and meal prep
• increase in leisure activities means greater demand for convenience products and portion control
• more meals eaten away from home
• more singles and seniors living alone

Question 26

how did changes in merchandising affect growth of packaging?

Answer 26

• less independently owned specialty shops and more franchised stores.
• this increased number of products to sell which increases need for package to sell itself

Question 27

what are factors in the evolution of packaging?

Answer 27

• preservation and protection
• convenience
• marketing
• material reduction
• safety and tamper proofing
• environmental issues