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Physiology I > Lecture 1: Homeostasis > Flashcards

Lecture 1: Homeostasis Flashcards

1
Q

physiology definitions (2)

A

-study of mechanical, physical and biochemical functions of living organisms
-study of life: how cells, tissues, organs and whole organisms function

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2
Q

how does physiology differ from anatomy

A

-anatomy focuses on structure
-physiology emphases purpose (why) and mechanism (how)

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3
Q

functional organization of body

A

chemicals –> cells –> tissues –> organs –> organ systems –> organism

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4
Q

3 main functions of anatomical/physiological systems

A

-facilitate survival of the individual in its environment
-facilitate survival of species
-coordinate functioning of the individual’s anatomic/physiological systems

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5
Q

homeostasis definition

A

ability to maintain a relatively stable internal environment in an ever-changing outside world including regulating

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6
Q

examples of homeostasis (7)

A

-concentration of nutrient molecules like glucose
-concentration of oxygen and carbon dioxide
-concentration of waste products like urea
-pH
-concentration of water, salt, and other electrolytes
-volume and pressure
-temperature

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7
Q

does homeostasis always strive for the same internal conditions (setpoints) in a given organism? why?

A

no, because there are situations where setpoints will shift (i.e. puberty, topor/hibernation, fever)

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8
Q

daily torpor definition

A

when small animals lower their temperature during inactive periods to conserve energy

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9
Q

how do hummingbirds survive cold nights with daily torpor

A

-lower body temperature and metabolism by dropping into an energy-saving state of inactivity
-lose body mass overnight

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10
Q

fever definition

A

rise in body temperature caused by pyrogens

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11
Q

2 types of pyrogens

A

-exogenous
-endogenous

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12
Q

endogenous pyrogens

A

produced by foreign substances like bacteria or viruses

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13
Q

exogenous pyrogens

A

produced by immune cells in response to infection

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14
Q

how do pyrogens induce fever

A

cause a rise in setpoint for metabolic heat production

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15
Q

what somatic responses are induced when setpoint of thermoregulatory control system is above body temperature

A

shivering and vasoconstriction are activated

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16
Q

in order to maintain homeostasis, control systems must be able to (3)

A

-detect deviations from normal in internal environment that need to be held within narrow limits
-integrate this info with other relevant info
-make appropriate judgements in order to restore factor to its desired value

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17
Q

2 types of control systems

A

-positive feedback
-negative feedback

18
Q

majority of responses are what kind of feedback system

A

negative

19
Q

negative feedback system: main strategies/goals

A

-maintain stability by defending set points
-oppose initial change

20
Q

negative feedback example: temperature regulation

A

-sensors: skin thermoreceptors sense change in temperature
-send info to hypothalamus which integrates info and maintains set point
-relays info to effectors (vasodilation, sweating and panting if core temperature is above set point; vasoconstriction and shivering if core temperature is below set point)

21
Q

are systems limited in how they respond?

A

yes

22
Q

3 main components of negative feedback system

A

-sensor
-integrator
-effector

23
Q

sensor function

A

monitor magnitude of a controlled variable and relate it to integrating center

24
Q

integrator aka

A

control center

25
Q

integrator/control center function

A

compare sensor’s input with a set point

26
Q

example of a control center

A

hypothalamus

27
Q

effector function

A

receive info from integrating center and respond accordingly

28
Q

homeostasis/negative feedback systems: clinical correlations (3)

A

-fever
-heat stroke
-addison’s disease and secondary adrenal insufficiency

29
Q

addison’s disease aka

A

primary hypoadrenocorticism

30
Q

addison’s disease definition

A

deficient production of mineralocorticoids/cortisol and glucocorticoids from adrenal cortex

31
Q

causes of addison’s disease (4)

A

-primary hypoadrenocorticism (autoimmune)
-adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
-metastatic turmors to HPA axis
-infections to HPA axis

32
Q

normal production of cortisol process

A

-hypothalamus releases CRH (corticotropin releasing hormone) from anterior pituitary
-directs anterior pituitary to release adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
-ACTH stimulates adrenal cortex to produce cortisol

33
Q

addison’s disease: cause

A

-non functioning adrenal cortex

34
Q

addison’s disease: effects

A

-no cortisol
-increased CRH
-increased ACTH

35
Q

secondary adrenal deficiency: cause

A

non functioning anterior pituitary

36
Q

secondary adrenal deficiency: effects

A

-low cortisol
-high CRH
-low ACTH

37
Q

2 examples of positive feedback systems

A

-ovulation
-parturition

38
Q

when is ovulation a positive feedback system

A

shortly before ovulation (negative feedback most of the time)

39
Q

parturition definition

A

removing fetus from uterus/action of giving birth

40
Q

parturition: positive feedback example

A

-uterine contractions –> fetus pushes against cervix –> neuroendocrine reflex stimulates oxytocin release –> oxytocin acts upon uterus to continue contractions until fetus leaves birth canal –> oxytocin release stops

41
Q

normal production of estrogen process

A

-hypothalamus releases GnRH (gonadotropin releasing hormone) which signals anterior pituitary to release FSH and LH to produce estrogen

42
Q

ovulation: positive feedback example

A

production of estrogen during ovulation stimulates additional release of FSH and LH from anterior pituitary to increase estrogen production

Physiology I (5 decks)

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