Lecture 1, History of veterinary public health in Europe in the 19th century Flashcards
The relation of animal disease to human disease was described by who in the Old Testament?
Leviticus
The relation of animal disease to human disease was described by who in Greece?
Hippocrates
The relation of animal disease to human disease was described by who in Rome?
Virgil and Galen
The invasion of Europe by rinderpest disrupted commerce and government in which century?
in the 18th century
The prevalence of animal diseases surged in which centuries?
In the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, primarily due to the numerous wars.
The prevalence of animal diseases surged in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, primarily due to the numerous wars, which facilitated the spread of epizootics like? (3)
rinderpest, anthrax, and swine erysipelas across Europe.
The nineteenth century saw heightened hygiene risks due to? (3)
population growth, urban migration, and increased livestock numbers.
During the nineteenth century, anthrax posed a significant public health threat due to (2)
its contagiousness and high mortality rate.
The spread of anthrax in the 19th century was exacerbated by (2)
inefficient carcass disposal methods and limited scientific understanding.
Johann Wolfgang Goethe, serving as Minister of State, founded a veterinary school at Jena in
1816.
Jena is a city in Germany.
Johann Wolfgang Goethe emphasized the importance of
proper burial for anatomical specimens to prevent hygiene issues.
By the end of the nineteenth century, the combination of improved knowledge, enhanced facilities for processing carcasses, and new legislation laid the groundwork for the development of (4)
Veterinary Public Health (VPH), which includes zoonoses control, food hygiene, and environmental health.
In the 19th century, collaborative efforts between French and German veterinarians and doctors established the foundation for understanding anthrax’s (3)
cause, spread, and control through microbiology, epidemiology, and animal hygiene research.
C.J. Fuchs was among the first to observe sporulated anthrax bacilli under a microscope in
1842 but didn’t understand its significance until publishing in 1862.
Despite Fuchs’ observing anthrax earlier, credit for the discovery of Bacillus anthracis, the causal agent of anthrax, went to (2)
Alois Pollender and Friedrich Brauell.
In the mid-1800s, scientific advancements led to three independent detections of the anthrax bacillus (3)
by Pollender, Brauell, and Delafond.
Published records show Pollender’s work from 1849 was released in 1855, Brauell’s in 1856, and Delafond’s in 1860.
Louis Pasteur was the first to obtain a pure culture of an infectious agent, called?, using artificial culture medium.
anthrax bacillus
His work alongside other 19th-century scientists across disciplines laid the groundwork for Veterinary Public Health (VPH).
Robert Koch advanced the cultivation of pure bacterial cultures by introducing?
gelatin, as a culture medium.
He inoculated samples onto these plates which then formed individual bacterial colonies when solidified.
By 1882, agar became the preferred culture medium, introduced by
Angelina Hess.
Koch’s gelatin plates evolved into what are now known as Petri dishes, thanks to
R.J. Petri.
Koch, along with Paul Ehrlich, revolutionized bacterial research by using
aniline dyes to stain bacteria, making them more visible under a microscope.
These staining techniques were pivotal in the discovery of the tubercle bacillus in 1882.
In the realm of serological diagnosis, Pfeiffer identified specific antibodies for
cholera, and agglutination tests were developed, aiding in the diagnosis of several bacterial infections in animals.
Important advancements in diagnosing anthrax were what?
the precipitation method simplified by A. Ascoli and the capsular stain developed by A. Olt.
These procedures were critical for subsequent successful anthrax campaigns in Europe.
Bordet and Gengou’s discovery of the complement fixation phenomenon was adapted for diagnosing various diseases, including (2)
syphilis and glanders.
E. von Behring and Kitasato identified antitoxic substances in the blood for which diseases? (2)
diphtheria and tetanus, offering brief protection when administered.
E. von Behring and Kitasato identified antitoxic substances in the blood for diphtheria and tetanus, offering brief protection when administered.
G. Lorenz introduced the practice of simultaneous immunisation against swine erysipelas, termed?
“serovaccination”.
= vaccination by injection of a serum.
The progress in understanding infectious diseases in the 19th century set the stage for their control and established the foundations for modern human and veterinary public health.
This era of discovery included the identification of the foot and mouth disease (FMD) virus in
1897, marking a significant shift in microbiology research.
Historically, Europe lacked consistent laws for controlling animal diseases, with some exceptions in German provinces addressing diseases like (4)
mange, glanders, contagious bovine pleuropneumonia (CBPP), and advanced tuberculosis.
mid-19th century, Initially, who managed animal diseases?
doctors, but over time veterinarians started to play a role.
it wasn’t until what year? that a formal veterinary authority was established in Prussia.
1905
Similar developments occurred in other German States. Recognizing the importance of understanding animal diseases, governments introduced Veterinary Medicine professorships in universities.
Claude Bourgelat founded the first veterinary school in the world in what year?
in 1762.
And another 3 years later.
The rulers and governments of other countries noted the opening of these schools, and because they were desirous of researching and controlling the growing problem of animal diseases, other schools soon followed.
Claude Bourgelat founded a second veterinary school at Alfort, near Paris, in what year?
1765 (3 years after the 1st one)
The rulers and governments of other countries noted the opening of these two schools, and because they were desirous of researching and controlling the growing problem of animal diseases, other schools soon followed.
By the late 18th century, Prussia had a basic form of animal disease control, mostly ineffective due to
a lack of veterinarians in official roles.
