Lecture 1, History of veterinary public health in Europe in the 19th century Flashcards
The relation of animal disease to human disease was described by who in the Old Testament?
Leviticus
The relation of animal disease to human disease was described by who in Greece?
Hippocrates
The relation of animal disease to human disease was described by who in Rome?
Virgil and Galen
The invasion of Europe by rinderpest disrupted commerce and government in which century?
in the 18th century
The prevalence of animal diseases surged in which centuries?
In the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, primarily due to the numerous wars.
The prevalence of animal diseases surged in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, primarily due to the numerous wars, which facilitated the spread of epizootics like? (3)
rinderpest, anthrax, and swine erysipelas across Europe.
The nineteenth century saw heightened hygiene risks due to? (3)
population growth, urban migration, and increased livestock numbers.
During the nineteenth century, anthrax posed a significant public health threat due to (2)
its contagiousness and high mortality rate.
The spread of anthrax in the 19th century was exacerbated by (2)
inefficient carcass disposal methods and limited scientific understanding.
Johann Wolfgang Goethe, serving as Minister of State, founded a veterinary school at Jena in
1816.
Jena is a city in Germany.
Johann Wolfgang Goethe emphasized the importance of
proper burial for anatomical specimens to prevent hygiene issues.
By the end of the nineteenth century, the combination of improved knowledge, enhanced facilities for processing carcasses, and new legislation laid the groundwork for the development of (4)
Veterinary Public Health (VPH), which includes zoonoses control, food hygiene, and environmental health.
In the 19th century, collaborative efforts between French and German veterinarians and doctors established the foundation for understanding anthrax’s (3)
cause, spread, and control through microbiology, epidemiology, and animal hygiene research.
C.J. Fuchs was among the first to observe sporulated anthrax bacilli under a microscope in
1842 but didn’t understand its significance until publishing in 1862.
Despite Fuchs’ observing anthrax earlier, credit for the discovery of Bacillus anthracis, the causal agent of anthrax, went to (2)
Alois Pollender and Friedrich Brauell.
In the mid-1800s, scientific advancements led to three independent detections of the anthrax bacillus (3)
by Pollender, Brauell, and Delafond.
Published records show Pollender’s work from 1849 was released in 1855, Brauell’s in 1856, and Delafond’s in 1860.
Louis Pasteur was the first to obtain a pure culture of an infectious agent, called?, using artificial culture medium.
anthrax bacillus
His work alongside other 19th-century scientists across disciplines laid the groundwork for Veterinary Public Health (VPH).
Robert Koch advanced the cultivation of pure bacterial cultures by introducing?
gelatin, as a culture medium.
He inoculated samples onto these plates which then formed individual bacterial colonies when solidified.
By 1882, agar became the preferred culture medium, introduced by
Angelina Hess.
Koch’s gelatin plates evolved into what are now known as Petri dishes, thanks to
R.J. Petri.
Koch, along with Paul Ehrlich, revolutionized bacterial research by using
aniline dyes to stain bacteria, making them more visible under a microscope.
These staining techniques were pivotal in the discovery of the tubercle bacillus in 1882.
In the realm of serological diagnosis, Pfeiffer identified specific antibodies for
cholera, and agglutination tests were developed, aiding in the diagnosis of several bacterial infections in animals.
Important advancements in diagnosing anthrax were what?
the precipitation method simplified by A. Ascoli and the capsular stain developed by A. Olt.
These procedures were critical for subsequent successful anthrax campaigns in Europe.
Bordet and Gengou’s discovery of the complement fixation phenomenon was adapted for diagnosing various diseases, including (2)
syphilis and glanders.
E. von Behring and Kitasato identified antitoxic substances in the blood for which diseases? (2)
diphtheria and tetanus, offering brief protection when administered.
E. von Behring and Kitasato identified antitoxic substances in the blood for diphtheria and tetanus, offering brief protection when administered.
G. Lorenz introduced the practice of simultaneous immunisation against swine erysipelas, termed?
“serovaccination”.
= vaccination by injection of a serum.
The progress in understanding infectious diseases in the 19th century set the stage for their control and established the foundations for modern human and veterinary public health.
This era of discovery included the identification of the foot and mouth disease (FMD) virus in
1897, marking a significant shift in microbiology research.
Historically, Europe lacked consistent laws for controlling animal diseases, with some exceptions in German provinces addressing diseases like (4)
mange, glanders, contagious bovine pleuropneumonia (CBPP), and advanced tuberculosis.
mid-19th century, Initially, who managed animal diseases?
doctors, but over time veterinarians started to play a role.
it wasn’t until what year? that a formal veterinary authority was established in Prussia.
1905
Similar developments occurred in other German States. Recognizing the importance of understanding animal diseases, governments introduced Veterinary Medicine professorships in universities.
Claude Bourgelat founded the first veterinary school in the world in what year?
in 1762.
And another 3 years later.
The rulers and governments of other countries noted the opening of these schools, and because they were desirous of researching and controlling the growing problem of animal diseases, other schools soon followed.
Claude Bourgelat founded a second veterinary school at Alfort, near Paris, in what year?
1765 (3 years after the 1st one)
The rulers and governments of other countries noted the opening of these two schools, and because they were desirous of researching and controlling the growing problem of animal diseases, other schools soon followed.
By the late 18th century, Prussia had a basic form of animal disease control, mostly ineffective due to
a lack of veterinarians in official roles.
A significant change occurred in 1869, where official veterinarians became responsible for overseeing? (3)
cattle markets, border crossings, and addressing inland animal diseases.
Yet, medical doctors still played roles in animal disease control.
By the 20th century, pivotal laws were passed in Prussia, ensuring
veterinarians were summoned for disease reports.
Veterinary schools began to emphasize veterinary police measures, with Berlin starting in 1821.
Friedrich Müssemeier, a prominent figure, extensively contributed to
veterinary legislation and measures in Prussia.
It’s essential to recognize the global influences in the veterinary field, especially contributions from pioneers like (3)
Pasteur in France and Koch and Ehrlich in Germany, who established the foundation for modern medical science and bacteriology.
What primarily facilitated the spread of diseases like rinderpest and anthrax across Europe?
Wars
Robert Koch’s significant contribution was?
Introduced gelatin as a culture medium
R.J. Petri’s significant contribution was?
Developed what in known as petri dishes
Johann Goethe’s significant contribution was?
Founded a vet chool in Jena.
(also emphasized the importance of proper disposal of carcasses)
Louis Pasteur’s significant contribution was?
Improved vaccination techniques
What was the primary challenge posed by anthrax in the 19th century?
Inefficient carcass disposal.
Veterinary public health (VPH) emerged at the international stage between
1948 and 1968.
Its initial success within the World Health Organisation (WHO) solidified its position in the organisation’s programme.
Among pioneers in VPH that deserve recognition:
Steele from the United States Public Health Services?
Dr J.H. Steele
Among pioneers in VPH that deserve recognition:
from the Pan American Sanitary Bureau, who established the Pan American Zoonoses Centre in Argentina?
Dr B. Blood
Among pioneers in VPH that deserve recognition:
from the University of California, author of “Veterinary medicine and human health”?
Professor C.W. Schwabe
Among pioneers in VPH that deserve recognition:
who continued to steer VPH activities within WHO? (3)
Drs:
M. Abdussalam,
Z. Matyás, and
K. Bögel
Veterinary public health (VPH) encompasses
the contributions of veterinary medicine to public health.
Primarily, VPH focuses on: (9)
- Control and elimination of zoonoses.
- Food hygiene, especially concerning foods of animal origin.
- Addressing environmental pollution from animal waste.
- Comparative medicine, studying animal models of human diseases.
- Laboratory animal medicine.
- VPH education, training, and public communication.
- Reproductive biology.
- Mental and societal health issues like pet ownership and animal welfare.
- Veterinary roles in natural disasters.
VPH first 4 primary focuses:
- Control and elimination of zoonoses.
- Food hygiene, especially concerning foods of animal origin.
- Addressing environmental pollution from animal waste.
- Comparative medicine, studying animal models of human diseases.
VPH last 5 primary focuses:
- Laboratory animal medicine.
- VPH education, training, and public communication.
- Reproductive biology.
- Mental and societal health issues like pet ownership and animal welfare.
- Veterinary roles in natural disasters.
Why is setting priorities is crucial in VPH?
Due to limited personnel in VPH, setting priorities is crucial.
In WHO, what holds the highest priority?
In WHO, zoonoses hold the highest priority, followed by milk and meat hygiene, comparative medicine, and veterinary education.
In WHO, what are second in priority after zoonoses? (3)
milk and meat hygiene, comparative medicine, and veterinary education.
FAO =
Food and Agriculture Organisation of the United Nations
In its early years, WHO worked closely with the United Nations Food and Agriculture Organisation (FAO) on (2)
improving agricultural methods and elevating nutrition levels.
They collaborated against zoonoses and ensured milk and meat hygiene.
Early disease targets of collaboration between WHO and FAO? (2)
diseases like rabies and brucellosis were early targets.
Jointly with FAO, WHO developed standard methods for (4)
multiple zoonoses,
assessed progress,
disseminated information,
and provided training.
Veterinary public health is
a multidisiciplinary field that examines health issues at the interface of animal, human and environmental health.
Veterinary science contributes to human health by
promoting the health of animals, which provide necessary income, food, transport, and raw materials for products throughout the world.
Historical assessments show that VPH has evolved significantly over the past decades.
The major shifts in VPH in the 1950s-60s:
Focus on diagnostic tests, disease surveillance, and vaccine development.
Historical assessments show that VPH has evolved significantly over the past decades.
The major shifts in VPH in the 1970s:
Introduction of new biologicals and methods, with intersectoral approaches.
Historical assessments show that VPH has evolved significantly over the past decades.
The major shifts in VPH in 1968:
European Conference on Surveillance and Control of Rabies began an era of cooperation.
WHO coordinated research with over fifteen labs in nine countries focusing on wildlife rabies.
Historical assessments show that VPH has evolved significantly over the past decades.
The major shifts in VPH in 1968-1976:
WHO organized twenty-five meetings for research assessment and coordination.
WHO Collaborating Centres became significant players in research coordination.
Over the years, how many working groups associated with WHO/VPH have been formed?
Over the years, thirty-four working groups associated with WHO/VPH have been formed, yielding numerous scientific results.
Key Achievements in VPH in 1968-69: (4)
Development of rabies diagnosis, research on wildlife rabies, anthelmintic drug screening, and establishment of American rabies surveillance system.
Key Achievements in VPH in 1970-71: (4)
Single-shot animal vaccination, discovery of Brucella canis, development of influenza virus reservoirs, and laboratory studies on Salmonella isolation.
Key Achievements in VPH in 1972-73: (3)
ELISA test in rabies, human vaccine against brucellosis, and insights into rabies in fox populations.
Key Achievements in VPH in 1974: (3)
European rabies surveillance systems established, discovery of carcinogenicity factor in cow’s milk, and rapid diagnostic procedure for Trichinella in pigs.
Key Achievements in VPH in 1976-81: (4)
Research on rabies vaccine, influenza viruses in migratory birds, dog rabies control strategies, and zoonotic Salmonella.
Key Achievements in VPH in 1982-87: (4)
Studies on dog ecology, bat lyssavirus, avian influenza viruses, and research network on animal production hygiene.
Key Achievements in VPH in 1988-91: (4)
Strategies in dog rabies control, discovery in alveolar echinococcosis, and advancements in rabies epidemic and brucellosis vaccine.
Education, Training, and Disease Control in VPH
Education and training became crucial in the
1970s due to significant knowledge gaps, especially in transferring knowledge to developing countries.
The 1970s saw international projects with training components focused more on
specific skills, like laboratory tools, rather than broad veterinary education.
The 1980s centered on creating
new policies for veterinary education.
VPH, along with FAO and the World Veterinary Association, promoted ongoing education in developing nations.
Emphasis on understanding population veterinary medicine led to the incorporation of subjects like (3)
epidemiology, ethology, and ecology in veterinary education.
As the veterinary field intersected with other specialties, new challenges emerged, highlighting areas where the veterinary knowledge was limited.
Collaborating with other disciplines led to advancements in (4)
environmental toxicology, animal ecology, pharmacology, and new biotechnologies.
The 1970s marked a shift towards
self-reliance in developing countries.
VPH’s emphasis grew in areas like food hygiene, with efforts towards standardization and harmonization, exemplified by initiatives like the Codex Alimentarius.
VPH’s emphasis grew in areas like food hygiene, with efforts towards standardization and harmonization, exemplified by initiatives like the
Codex Alimentarius.
Significant zoonotic crisis in the late 20th century.
The recognition of the Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy (BSE) crisis in the late 20th century was a significant event.
This crisis led to sweeping reforms in VPH and food safety standards across Europe.
The establishment of the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) in
2002 marked a significant step towards a more coordinated approach to food safety and VPH in the European Union.
EFSA =
European Food Safety Authority
EFSA plays a central role in risk assessment related to food and feed safety.
One Health Approach:
In more recent years, there’s been a push towards the ‘One Health’ approach in Europe, recognizing the interconnectedness of human, animal, and environmental health.
