Lecture 1 History of Radiology

Question 1

Who is the discoverer of X-Rays?

Answer 1

Croatian Guy but..

Wilhelm Roentgen

Discovered x-ray radiation by accident in November 1895

Question 2

Roentgen generated cathode rays from_

Answer 2

Glass cathode bulbs

also generated x-ray

Nobel prize in 1901

Question 3

Cathode Bulbs were covered, then what happened?

Answer 3

Colored lights did not come out
but what happened was
some of the photographic plates with (platinocyanide) fluorescing agent on them gave off light

so when bulb was charged, cathode rays were not visable but photographic plates would flourece lights

Question 4

The further the plate from the cathode charge _

Answer 4

The less the light

Question 5

The closer the plate to the cathode charge _

Answer 5

the more intense the light

Question 6

How is voltage boosted?

Answer 6

Coil takes electricity, lots of coils take energy and send to cathode bulb

Question 7

Older people have _

Answer 7

less biological risk associated to exposure of ionizing radiation

Question 8

Who produced the first dental radiographs after Roentgen’s announcement of the X-ray discovery?

Answer 8

A German Dentist named Dr. Otto Walkhoff

Question 9

How was the first dental radiograph taken and who took it?

Answer 9

A small glass photographic plate coated with rubber dam in Dr. Walkhoff’s mouth

The dental radiograph took 25 minutes of exposure

Question 10

What happened to the original dental radiograph?

Answer 10

Dr. Otto Walkhoff presented it to the U Penn Dentistry when he delivered his guest lecture on February 27, 1928

It was framed by U Penn in 1937

Question 11

Who is Dr. Walter Konig?

Answer 11

He is a physicist that was able to take dental radiographs using a much shorter exposure time on February 1, 1896
9 mins maxillary
5 mins mandibular

Question 12

Who invented the first surgical aspirator for dental and medical surgery?

Answer 12

Dr. Edmund Kells

From Louisiana

Met Thomas Edison and was introduced to electricity and the applications of making images

Question 13

Who was one of the first dentists to hire females?

Answer 13

Dr. Edmund Kells

Question 14

Who was the first to expose a dental radiograph in the United States?

Answer 14

Dr. Edmund Kells

Question 15

What did Dr. Edmund Kells do?

Answer 15

1. ) Invented first surgical aspirator for dental and medical surgery
2. )Was one of the first dentists to fire female dental assistants
3. ) Was the first to expose a dental radiograph in the United States

Question 16

What happened to Dr. Edmund Kells hands?

Answer 16

Too much exposure to radiation

developed sores that wouldn’t heal, wrinkling of the skin, nail beds were splitting, squamous cell carcinoma b/c they would put hand in front of x-ray source until they could get enough electricity to see their bone before exposing it to the patient

secondary infections, hard to heal, leads to amputations, could not cope with it..

Question 17

What do we expect to see with current x-ray quality?

Answer 17

Should be able to see:
teeth
alveolar bone
cortical bone
change in teeth themselves
enamel tissue
dentin tissue
soft tissue
pulp tissue
demineralization of tooth structure in different teeth
trabecular patterns
where diseases affected the normal trabecular patterns

Question 18

What was the earliest dental unit?

Answer 18

A cathode bulb that gave off radiation in all directions

sensor was held while exposure was being made

20 mins of exposure back in the day as opposed to less than half of a second today

patient could not move, same as today

patients could get electrical burns because devices were unsafe

Question 19

Who was William David Coolidge?

Answer 19

Engineer at G.E. in NY

Task was to make x-ray equipment more mobile to evaluate soldiers on the battle field in France during WWI

Didn’t develop anything for first world war

Took research and made a smaller cathode tube (x-ray tube), didn’t use gas but instead used a metal filament as a source for e- to make x-rays
it was shielded for electrical and radiation purposes and was suspended with extension arms to be more adaptable to patient positioning in 1921 or 1923

Question 20

What did William David Coolidge do?

Answer 20

Took research and made a smaller cathode tube (x-ray tube), didn’t use gas but instead used a metal filament as a source for e- to make x-rays
it was shielded for electrical and radiation purposes and was suspended with extension arms to be more adaptable to patient positioning in 1921 or 1923

Made everything smaller and more portable; design is still used today

Question 21

When did Hand-held Dental X-ray units come out?

Answer 21

Around 2005

Cost around 9k

Wall mounted ones are about half the price

Question 22

What is the problem with Hand-held Dental X-ray units?

Answer 22

almost in the path of the primary beam
not really protected from radiation safety aspect
have to be replaced every 5 to 7 years because they get dropped
parts and battery replacement