Lecture 1: History Of Osteopathic Medicine Flashcards
What is A.T. Still’s full name?
Andrew Taylor Still
When was A.T. Still born?
August 6, 1828
Where was A.T. Still born?
Jonesville, Virginia - Lee County
What were AT Still’s parents names?
Martha & Abram
Abram Still - profession
farmer
Methodist minister
Physician
What was the dominant system of medicine in late 18th century through much of 19th century
Heroic medicine
What did heroic medicine consist of
Bloodletting
Purging stomach and bowels
Use of calomel and other poisonous compounds
What was the point of bloodletting
Relieve tension in blood vessels
Because Abram Still was a Methodist Minister, they moved. Where to?
Tennessee, then Missouri
When was AT’s first experience with osteopathy? What happened?
Age 10
Rope on neck - headache gone
Who was AT’s 1st wife
Mary Vaughn
When did AT’s father minister to Indians
1852
What type of Indians did Abram work with? Where?
Shawnee
Kansas
When did AT’s medical career begin? Where?
1854
Kansas
Who were AT’s first patients
Shawnee Indians
What was Still’s training
Apprenticeship with father
Who were the 4 people who challenged orthodox medicine in the 19th century
Samuel Thomson
Samuel Hahnemann
Sylvester Graham
Franz Mesmer
Samuel Thomson
Disease was caused from bad heat response
You should vomit / sweat it out
Samuel Hahnemann
Believed the best drug to cure the disease is one that caused the symptoms of the disease in a normal person
“Like cures like”
Homeopathy; showed some results
Sylvester Graham
If you follow nature’s laws, you’ll feel better
Get rest, fresh air, exercise, decrease amount of excessive food/drink
No meat, no eggs, no pastries/coffee/tea/improper dress/sexual promiscuity
Graham cracker - curb sexual appetite
Franz Mesmer
“Invisible fluid” in body - when it’s unbalanced/disturbed/blocked, it would cause disease
It was called “animal magnetism” - used magnets to balance it
Midwest: magnets were everywhere
Seances in big open areas
“Mesmerized”
What were the pivotal years for AT
1859 - 1874
1860
AT married Mary Turner - second wife
1861
AT in Civil War (Union - Methodist)
February 1864
3 of AT’s kids die from spinal meningitis
1867
Still’s dad dies from pneumonia
How did AT study anatomy
Raided graves of Native American Indians
Read as many anatomy books as he could find
AT’s fascination with ______ is related to his love for osteopathy
Machines
“Man as a machine”
Date that Still rejected traditional medicine and developed his concepts of osteopathy
“He flung to the breeze the banner of Osteopathy”
June 22, 1874
AT’s work in Missouri
Kirksville Magnetic healer (1875) Used bonesetting (“lightning bone setter”) (1883)
AT’s vision of health
Health is maintained by unobstructed blood flow and impulses of nerves
Removal of obstacles through manipulation
1st school of osteopathy
October 1892 in Kirksville, MO
American school of Osteopathy
Who taught at ASO
William Smith - anatomy
First ASO class
21 people
Ages 18-65
At least 5 women in class
Still’s lecturing style
Analogy and parable
3 competitors to osteopathy
Boneopaths (specific to bone)
Neuro-osteopaths (also work on nervous system)
Chiropractic (D.D. Palmer)
First state to license DO
Vermont
Last state to license DO
Mississippi
In late 1800’s - early 1900’s
Many osteopathic schools opened
“An atomic engineers”
AOA formed in Kirksville in ___ for
Education
Legislation
Publication
1897
AT Still dies
Dec 12, 1917
When did MD and DO get same length of studies
1920
Broad v lesion osteopaths
Broad: wanted to be fully licensed physicians
Lesion: only wanted OPP
Influenza pandemic of 1918-19 - saw increase in
Use of OMT (osteopathic manipulative treatment)
By 1927, ______ taught at all schools
Pharm
Why did standards increase in MD and DO
Flexner Report: 1910
Closed a lot of schools
Why did # osteopathic hospitals increase in 1920s/40s
Because patients couldn’t see MD doctors - went to war
DO couldn’t enlist
Decrease in OMT
1950s and 60s
DO’s wanted autonomy
Missouri - can practice in all hospitals
57 - DO can practice in armed forces
66 - first DO in armed services as medical officer
Why were Cali DOs frustrated
Lack of state support
Poor clinical training facilities
Merger in Cali
Between Calif Med Assoc & Calif Osteopathic Assoc
July 1961
Side effects of Cali merger
Over 2,000 DOs got MD
Weekend course, $65
Couldn’t tell people they used to be DO
