Lecture 1 (Exam 2) Flashcards

1
Q

Substrate

A

Carbs, Fats, and Protein

  • fuel sources from which we make energy (ATP)
  • moderate to severe muscle effort relies on carbs
  • protein provides little energy for cellular activity, but serves as a building block for body’s tissues
  • Resting: ~50% carbs, ~50% fats
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2
Q

Bioenergetics

A
  • process of converting substrates into energy

- Allows for metabolic reactions to occur

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3
Q

Anabolism

A

-involves the covalent bonding of electrons, protons, and small molecules to produce larger molecules

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4
Q

Catabolism

A

-breakdown of larger molecules and compounds into smaller molecules and compounds

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5
Q

Metabolism

A
  • chemical reactions in the body

- catabolism + anabolism = metabolism

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6
Q

Anaerobic Metabolism

A

production of energy (ATP) in the absence of oxygen

-involves cytoplasm (sarcoplasm)

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7
Q

Aerobic Metabolism

A

process occurring in the mitochondria that uses oxygen to produce energy (ATP)
-aka cellular respiration

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8
Q

Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP)

A
  • high-energy intermediate compound for for storing and conserving energy
  • has all the potential energy to power all of the cell’s energy requiring processes
  • cells extract energy from food and store it as ATP
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9
Q

Glycolysis

A
  • breakdown of glucose through a pathway that involves a sequence of glycolytic enzymes
  • allows carbs to be readily available and easily metabolized by muscles
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10
Q

Glycogenesis

A

the break down of glycogen by the muscles and liver into glucose-1-phosphate

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11
Q

Glycogenolysis

A

the conversion of glycogen into glucose

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12
Q

Glycogen

A
  • stored in the sarcoplasm of muscles cells until those cells use it to form ATP
  • can be stored in the liver and can be converted back to glucose as needed and then transported by the blood to active tissues where it is metabolized
  • aka complex polysaccharide
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13
Q

Glucose

A

6-carbon sugar that is the primary form of carbohydrate used for metabolism

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14
Q

Lipolysis

A
  • the process of breaking down triglycerides to its basic units (glycerol and FFA’s) to be used for energy
  • controlled by enzymes called lipases
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15
Q

Lipogenesis

A
  • the process of converting protein into fatty acids

- FFA’s convert protein into fats in times of starvation

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16
Q

Gluconeogenesis

A

the conversion of protein or fat into glucose

17
Q

Rate Limiting Enzymes

A
  • enzyme found early in a metabolic pathway that determines the rate of the pathway
  • activity is determined by the accumulation of substances farther down the pathway that decrease enzyme activity through negative feedback
18
Q

Mass Action Effect

A

substrate availability influences metabolic rate

  • more available substrate = higher pathway activity
  • excess of given substrate = cells rely on that energy substrate more than others
19
Q

Endergonic Reactions

A
  • require energy to be added

- endothermic (if heat is gained)

20
Q

Exergonic Reactions

A
  • release energy

- exothermic (if heat is released)

21
Q

Coupled Reactions

A

release of energy in an exergonic reaction drives an endergonic reaction (exergonic and endergoinc are coupled reactions)
-ex. You eat a cracker (primarily with CHO energy). The body will release the energy gained from the consumed cracker and cause an exergonic reaction (release of energy) which will drive endergonic reactions

22
Q

Laws of Thermodynamics (2)

A

1) Conservation of energy: energy can neither be created nor destroyed
2) Directionality: the direction of a reaction occurs in the direction of increased entropy (randomness and disorder) and release of free energy

23
Q

How do the Laws of Thermodynamics relate to metabolism?

A

reactions in the body occur in the direction of energy release, thus, metabolism depends on the direction of reaction

24
Q

What substrates are utilized during rest?

A

50% carbs and 50% fat

25
Q

Energy Value for Fats

A

9.4 kcal/g; +70,000 kcal stored in body

26
Q

Energy Value for Protein

A

4.1 kcal/g

27
Q

Energy Value for Carbs

A

4.1 kcal/g; ~2,500 kcal stored in body

28
Q

Monosaccharides

A
  • any of the class of sugars (e.g., glucose and fructose) that cannot be hydrolyzed (broken down) to make a simpler sugar
  • transported through blood to all body tissue
29
Q

Disaccharides

A

any of a class of sugars whose molecules contain two monosaccharide residues (e.g. sucrose, lactose, maltose)

  • provide energy to muscles
  • fuel the central nervous system
  • metabolize fat
  • keep tissues from consuming protein for energy.
30
Q

Polysaccharides

A
a carbohydrate (e.g., glycogen) whose molecules consist of a multiple sugar molecules bonded together
-stored in muscles and liver until ready to be used to form ATP
31
Q

How is the rate of energy production controlled by mass action effect?

A

aka: the availability of of primary substrates
-Substrate availability affects metabolic rate
More available substrates = higher pathway activity
Excess of given substrate (fuel; e.g. carbs) causes cells to rely on that energy substrate more than others

32
Q

How is the rate of energy production controlled by enzyme activity?

A

Enzymes speed up the breakdown (catabolism) of chemical compounds

  • each step of biochemical pathway requires specific enzyme(s)
  • More enzyme activity (temperature & pH) = more product