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Human Body > Lecture 1 Exam > Flashcards

Lecture 1 Exam Flashcards

1
Q

Chemical Level of the Human Body

A

atoms: basic unit of a chemical
ex: oxygen

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2
Q

What are the 4 most common atoms in a person?

A

Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, and Nitrogen

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3
Q

Cellular Level of the Human Body

A

smallest unit of life

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4
Q

How many cells in average human body?

A

30-40 trillion cells

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5
Q

Tissue Level of the Human Body

A

group of cells with a common function

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6
Q

4 main tissue types

A

epithelial, connective, nervous, and muscle

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7
Q

Organ level of the Human Body

A

group of organs working together
-perform major A or P function

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8
Q

Organism level of the Human Body

A

YOU

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9
Q

What type of chemical bonds are most common?

A

Hydrogen and Covalent bonds are most common, less likely ionic bonds

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10
Q

Maintenance of Boundaries

A

separating external and internal environments

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11
Q

External environment

A

anything not crossed a body barrier
ex: membrane, skin, blood
keep in: nutrients, water, heat

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12
Q

Internal environment

A

anything inside
ECF, plasma, ICF
keep out: pathogens, toxins/chemicals, UV radiation

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13
Q

metabolism

A

breaking down nutrients getting those into a cell, building product

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14
Q

Catabolism

A

-breakdown
-exergonic (releases energy)

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15
Q

Anabolism

A

-building up
-endergonic (requires energy)

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16
Q

Movement

A

-macro scale
-micro scale: movement of blood, air, digesta

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17
Q

Development and growth

A

-begins at conception: continues until death

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18
Q

Development

A

-differentiation of stem cells into body or somatic cells
-repair of cells
-replacement of cells

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19
Q

Growth

A

-hyperplasia: increase in number of cells
-hypertrophy: increase in cell size

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20
Q

Responsiveness

A

-ability to sense and respond to the environment
External: reflex due to skin burn
Internal: low blood sugar causes breakdown of glycogen

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21
Q

Reproduction

A

-continuing of species
-sexual reproduction
➼genetic diversity

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22
Q

What should be kept external to the human body?

A

-pathogens, toxins, UV radiation, debris, Nitrogen gas, acids/bases

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23
Q

O2 and atmospheric gas

A

-o2 is 21% of atmospheric gas
-true all over surface of gas
-humans most efficient at attaining o2 at sea level

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24
Q

Cells use what to create ATP

A

o2

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25
Q

Macronutrients

A

-carbs, lipids, proteins, water

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26
Q

Which macronutrients are ATP yielding?

A

carbs, lipids, proteins

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27
Q

Micronutrients

A

-vitamins, minerals

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28
Q

Overconsumption of nutrients leads to:

A

-obesity
-type 1 diabetes
-cardiovascular disease

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29
Q

Malnourishment leads to:

A

-lack of growth
-structural defects
-disease susceptibility

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30
Q

Atmospheric pressure

A

-atmospheric gases create ‘colum’ of air that pushes down on our bodies
-at sea level, this column is larger and helps drive air into our lungs

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31
Q

Temperature for ambient temps

A

-humans can only tolerate narrow range

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32
Q

Homeostasis

A

maintenance of internal environment despite changing external environments

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33
Q

Internal environments

A

-ECF (extracellular environment)
-blood pressure

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34
Q

External environments

A

-anything outside of an epithelial wall
➼lumen of GI tract
➼lumen respiratory tract

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35
Q

Regulated Physiological Variable

A

-sensed, monitored, and adjusted constantly
-kept in strict range
➼ ECF

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36
Q

Nonregulated Physiological Variable

A
  • cannot be sensed directly and not kept in strict range
    -can fluctuate widely
    ➼heart rate
    ➼ respiratory rate
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37
Q

Negative Feedback

A

-works to return a variable back to acceptable range
➼ EX: shivering, sweating

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38
Q

Positive Feedback

A

-works to keep a variable outside of its range (for short period time)
➼ EX: pregnancy

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39
Q

Positive Feedforward

A
  • powerful and not common
    -anticipatory mechanism which blunts physiological disruptions
    ➼ EX: track runner about to race
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40
Q

Effector

A

-anatomical, physical structure

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41
Q

Physiological Response

A

-what is going to happen due to effects

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42
Q

Serous membranes

A

-specialized membranes surrounding organs of the thoracic and abdominal cavities

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43
Q

Purpose of serous membranes

A

-surrounds organ, provides protection, and fluid protection

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44
Q

Cell membrane

A

-Fluid Mosaic Model
➼flexible,lots of stuff

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45
Q

Purpose of Cell Membrane

A

-separates ECF from ICF

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46
Q

Phospholipids

A

-forms barrier between two aq solutions
-physiological significance: provides selective permerability

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47
Q

Amphipathic nature

A

capable of interacting w H2O and charged molecules on surface but repel these items should they attempt to enter membrane

48
Q

Cholesterol

A

-major membrane component
-at most temps, they function to enhance membrane fluidity
-where does this cholesterol come from?
➼ LIVER
➼ and the DIET

49
Q

Glycoprotein

A
  • similar to glycolipids
    -glycoproteins have protein component within cell membrane and as carb component extending outward into ECF
50
Q

Proteins

A

-membranes contain both peripheral and integral membrane proteins

51
Q

Peripheral membrane

A

loosely bound to outer or inner leaflet of membrane

52
Q

Integral membrane

A

span both sides of membrane; has an ECF and ICF face

53
Q

Movement across membrane

A

-must be controlled and regulated for cell survival
-ECF and ICF cannot equilibriate

54
Q

Passive Movement

A

-no ATP required
-concentration gradient required

55
Q

Simple diffusion molecules

A

-PASSIVE MOVEMENT
-pass through membrane unaided (no help needed)
- o2, co2, n2

56
Q

Facilitated diffusion molecules

A

-PASSIVE MOVEMENT
-requires protein channel
➼ large molecules
➼ polar charge
➼ h2o

57
Q

Osmosis/diffusion of h2o

A

-PASSIVE MOVEMENT
-h2o can move unaided or with help of aquaporin
➼ H2O

58
Q

Active Movement

A
  • ATP required directly or indirectly
59
Q

Primary Active Transport

A

-use proteins that can hydrolyze ATP
➼pumps
➼Na/K pump
➼ Ca2+ pump
➼ H+ pump

60
Q

Secondary Active Transport

A

-work of pumps and establishes a gradient
-drags into/out of cell

61
Q

Symport (SAT)

A

-two or more items at same time or same direction

62
Q

Antiport (SAT)

A

-two or more items across membrane going in diff directions

63
Q

Endocytosis and Exocytosis

A

-uses ATP to bend membrane and move items
➼endo: outside to in
➼exo: inside to out

64
Q

Phagocytosis

A

-digests things that aren’t supposed to be there

65
Q

Pinocytosis

A

-cell drinking (small molecules)

66
Q

Secretion

A

-getting things out of cell

67
Q

Cytoplasm

A

-gel like composition; houses and suspends organelles
➼ cytosol: water portion of cytoplasm (ICF)

68
Q

Organelle

A

Membrane bound structure; carries out specific cell functions

69
Q

Cytoskeleton

A

-provides structural support
-route of intra-cellular transport
-used during cytokinesis

70
Q

3 types of filaments

A

-microtubules
-intermediate filaments
-microfilaments

71
Q

Cytoplasm

A

-organelles and cytosol
-permits diffusion; osmosis

72
Q

Golgi

A

-flattened membrane-like sacs
-functions to process, sort, or package proteins and lipids

73
Q

Rough ER

A

-membrane extends from and is continuous w/ nuclear membrane ribosomes on surface functions to process proteins

74
Q

Smooth ER

A

-lacks ribosomes on surface
-functions to produce lipids, phospholipids and steroid hormones

75
Q

Mitochondria

A

-ATP production
-Mitochondria size and shape can change

76
Q

Lysome

A

-digests old cellular components, bacteria
-low ph; 5

77
Q

Nucleus

A
  • houses DNA: stored as chromatin for majority of cell’s life
    -facilitate Tc and mRNA processing
    -contains nucleolus which produces ribosomal subunit B
    -surrounded by a double phospholipid bilayer; nuclear pores provide exit/entry routes
78
Q

Tissues

A

-groups of cells working together to accomplish common goal

79
Q

Embryonic Development of Tissues

A

-First 8 weeks past conception, after this; embryo is fetus

80
Q

Gastrulation

A

-embryo transforms from simple layer of cells into multi-layered structure

81
Q

Ectoderm

A
  • gives rise to epidermis, skin appendages, nervous system, pituitary
82
Q

Mesoderm

A
  • gives rise to CT: most bones and muscle
83
Q

Endoderm

A
  • gives rise to: lining of GI tract. lining of respiratory tract, liver, gall bladder, pancreas, lungs
84
Q

Epithelial Tissue Main Functions

A

-covering and lining:
➼outer barrier
➼ protecting
➼ glandular:
➼exocrine
➼endocrine

85
Q

Locations of Epithelial Tissue

A

-epidermis
- lining of GI tract, lining of resp. tract
-forming exocrine/endocrine glands

86
Q

Connective Tissue Main Functions

A
  • Support and Framework:
    ➼cartilage, bone, collagen
    -Connect nutrients with cells
    ➼blood, adipose
87
Q

Locations of Connective Tissue

A
  • Dermis and hypodermis
    -skeleton
    -varied
88
Q

Muscle Tissue (Smooth) Function

A
89
Q

Muscle Tissue (Cardiac) Function

A
90
Q

Muscle Tissue (Skeletal) Function

A
91
Q

Location of Smooth Muscle Function

A
92
Q

Location of Cardiac Muscle

A
93
Q

Location of Skeletal Muscle

A
94
Q

Nervous Tissue Functions

A

-sensation: input
-integration: brain, spinal cord
-activation: motor output

95
Q

Nervous Tissue Locations

A
  • CNS: Brain and Spinal Cord
  • PNS- all other neurons
96
Q

Integumentary

A

-SKIN
-one of the largest and heaviest organ systems

97
Q

What does Integumentary system house?

A
  • Houses; variety of cells: keratinocytes, fibroblasts, adipocytes
    ➼skin appendages: follicles, glands
    ➼ vessels: blood, lymph
98
Q

What does Integumentary system produce?

A

-structural proteins: keratin
- lipids: surface
- antimicrobial compounds
- sweat: eccrine, apocrine
- sebum
-hormones: vit-D

99
Q

Integumentary system contribution to homeostasis

A
  • thermoregulation: evaporative cooling, shunt? blood, adipose
  • blood calcium maintenance: keep blood Ca2+ within st. range
100
Q

Common cells of integumentary system

A
  • keratinocytes: 90% of epidermis
  • fibroblasts: main cell dermis
  • adipocyte: main cell hypodermis
101
Q

Function of Epidermis

A
  • Protection: abrasion/cuts, UV radiation, pathogens
  • Desiccation: loss of body water ➼ insensible water loss
102
Q

Structure of Epidermis

A
  • made of 4-5 strata (layers of cells)
    -constantly renews itself
  • avascular: NO VESSELS (blood or lymph)
  • most cells are keratinocyte
  • others are: stem cells, melanocytes, langevans, merkels
103
Q

Dermis

A

-resides below or deep to epidermis

104
Q

Function of dermis

A

-provides support and nutrients to epidermis
- houses skin appendages
- highly vascularized (lots of blood flow)
➼the blood vessels feed the dermis

105
Q

Structure of Dermis

A

-papillary layer: loose aveolar, CT
➼protects superficially to form dermal papillae
➼ only accounts for about 10% of dermal thickness
➼ contains numerous capillaries
-reticular layer: dense irregular CT
➼spans distance below papillary layer and hypodermis
➼ contains larger vessels
➼ numerous sensory neuron endings (nociceptors: pain)
➼ most skin appendages found here

106
Q

Hypodermis

A

resides below or deep to dermis

107
Q

Function of Hypodermis

A
  • protection: cushioning
  • nutrient reservoir: most ATP from fat, dehydrated
  • thermoregulation
108
Q

Structure of Hypodermis

A
  • loose aveolar CT w/ adipocytes
    ➼ WAT: white adipose tissue; stores triglycovides? lipid droplets
    ➼ BAT: brown adipose tissue; thermogenic
109
Q

Distribution of Hypodermis

A
  • always found between dermis and underlying structures such as bone or muscle
  • amount reflects nutritional plane (calorie intake) and sexual characteristics
110
Q

Skeletal System Functions (Structural)

A
  • support against gravity
  • attachment site for tendons and ligaments
  • protect delicate viserca
111
Q

Skeletal System Functions ( Homeostatic Contributions)

A
  • mineral reservoir: Ca2+ especially important
    ‣ Ca2+ can be removed or deposited (takes time)
    ‣ short term is through kidneys
    -blood cell production
    ‣ RBCs, WBCs, platelets
  • fat storage
112
Q

Red Blood Cells

A
  • aka erythrocytes
113
Q

Long bones

A
  • appendicular skeleton
    ‣ important for locomotion
    ‣ larger marrow cavity
114
Q

Short bones

A
  • appendicular skeleton
    ‣ important for stability during locomotion
115
Q

Flat bones

A
  • axial skeleton
    ‣ thin and often curved
    ‣ important for protecting delicate viscera
116
Q

Sesamoid

A

-appendicular skeleton
‣ partially or embedded in tendon
‣ protect tendon from injury (reduces friction)
‣ many sesamoids exist

117
Q

Irregular

A
  • axial skeleton
    ‣ shape hard to define
    ‣ often protect delicate viscera and provide support

Human Body (2 decks)

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