Lecture 1- Dr. Sernda Flashcards
What is radiography?
What is based on?
- X-rays
- Based on selective absorption of the x-ray beam
What does the radiopaque appear as? Radiolucent?
- Radiopaque (radiodense) structures appear white-> bone and it is denser
- Radiolucent structures appear black-> Air and it is lighter
Other structures appear as different shades of gray based on what?
Other structures appear as different shades of gray based on their ability to absorb radiation
How would lungs look in x-ray?
Point out all the organs, major muscle and strucutes
Arteriogram/venograms are what?
Intra-arterial or intravenous contrast material used
* Ingested contrast can also work
What is tomography? How does it work?
- Image is made with both the x-ray tube and the film moving at the same time
- The effect is the ability to image different slices of the body, aka Body Section Radiography
- X-ray source moves in one direction as the film is moved in the opposite direction, thus showing detail in a predetermined plane of tissue while blurring or eliminating detail
in other planes
How is this viewed?
Viewed from below as looking towards head
What plane are we looking at?
Sagittal plane->Looking at patient from the left side
Magnetic Resonance Imaging:
* What is it? How does it work?
What the ultrasound based on?
Based on directing high frequency sound waves into the patient, and recording the manner in which sound is absorbed or reflected from organs and structures
In ultrasound, what is the echogenicity?
- Solid structures appear white (echogenic, or hyperechoic)
- Cystic structures appear black (echolucent, hypoechoic or anechoic)
What is used for blood flow?
- What is nuclear medicine based on?
- How does it work?
Scoliosis:
* What is it?
* How do you visualize it?
* What is most common?
- Abnormal curvature of spine
- Typically visualized in frontal plane
- Adolescent idiopathic type is most common
What are the four natural curves in the vertebral column?
Scoliosis:
* Clinical presentations?
* How do you diagnosis?
* Treatment?
- Clinical Presentation
– Uneven shoulders/waist
– Back pain - Diagnosis
– Cobb angle or Adams forward bend - Treatment
– Observation, bracing or surgery
What is the spondylosis?
Spondylosis: Osteoarthritis of the spine
What is spondylolysis ? What it is usual?
– Stress fracture at the pars interarticularis with maintained spinal column
* Usually unilateral
– L5 is most common
What is spondylolistesis? When is it more common?
- Involves shifting of the superior vertebrae anteriorly if bilateral fracture occurred
- More common in kids with a lot of bending-> gymnastics and swimming
Fractured and shifted forward
What is this?
- What is ankylosising spondylitis?
- How it caused?
- When does it happen?
- What is the clinical presentation?
Disc herniation:
* What it is?
* What may it cause?
* How do we diagnosis it ?
* How it treated?
- Fragment of nucleus pulposus herniates
- May or may not cause irritation locally leading to pain
– Sciatica-> unilateral
– Paresthesia-> pins and needles - Bilateral symptoms are a red flag
- Diagnosis
– Imaging OR clinical exam
– Straight leg raise
-tenderness of sciatic nerve by pushing between ESIC and greater trochanter. - Treatment
– Physical therapy or Surgery
What is the straight leg raise?
What are the three main spinal cord pathways and what fibers are carried?
- Dorsal Column Pathway : ipsilateral position and vibration
- Spinothalamic pathway: contralateral pain and temperature
- Corticospinal pathway: movement/ipsilateral mostly, minimally contralateral
What is central cord and anterior cord syndromes?
- Central cord:
–Quadriparesis greater in the upper extremities than in lower; Greater loss of pain
and temperature in upper ext. - Anterior cord:
– paralysis below the lesion, loss of pain and temperature, preservation of proprioception and vibratory function
What is the posterior cord and brown sequard spinal cord syndromes?
- Posterior cord:
–Injury to dorsal columns leading to ipsilateral position and vibration sensation loss - Brown Sequard:
–ipsilateral weakness, loss of proprioception and vibratory; Contra-lateral loss of pain and temperature
What is Cauda Equina spinal cord syndrome?
- Cauda Equina (not a true spinal cord syndrome):
–motor and sensory loss in legs, sciatica, bowel/bladder dysfunction and “saddle” anesthesia
–Retention is more common than loss of bladder
What is spina bidida? What are the three types? tx?
- What is the Risk factorts, diagnosis, and treatment of both TMJ syndrome an dislocation?
What is a clavicle fracture and when do we need surgery and why?
- Trauma to upper girdle
- need surgery when skin is tinting because it can ulcerate
What is DEXA Scan?
Dual-energyX-rayabsorptiometry
* Uses low dose xray to assess density of bone material
* Helpful in diagnosis of osteopenia and osteoporosis
How do we measure bone mineral density?
Osteoporosis:
* What are the risk factors?
* Clinical presentation?
* Treatment?
