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LECOM EKG > lecture 1 (chapter 1, 2, 4 and 7) > Flashcards

lecture 1 (chapter 1, 2, 4 and 7) Flashcards

1
Q

beat of the heart is due to a rhythm discharge of ____ stimuli

A

electrical

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2
Q

the information recorded on the EKG represents the hearts _____ activity

A

electrical

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3
Q

most of the information on the EKG represents electrical activity of _____ of the myocardium

A

contraction

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4
Q

while in the resting state, myocytes are polarized, the interior of every cell being ______-ly charged

A

negatively

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5
Q

the interiors of resting myocytes are negative, but when these cells are depolarized, their interiors become ____ and the cells contract

A

positive

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6
Q

myocardial contraction is caused by_______ of the mycoytes

A

depolarization

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7
Q

a wave of depolarization advancing through the myocardium is a moving wave of _____ charges

A

positive

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8
Q

what is the heart’s predominant pacemaker

A

SA node

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9
Q

the ability of the SA node to generate pacemaking stimuli is known as _____

A

automaticity

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10
Q

atrial depolarization is recorded as a ____ wave on EKG

A

P

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11
Q

depolarization of the ventricular myocytes produces a ____ complex on the EKG and initiates contraction of the ventricles

A

QRS

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12
Q

the QT interval represents the duration of ventricular ____ and is measured from the beginning of the QRS until the end of the T wave

A

systole

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13
Q

when is the QT interval considered normal

A

when it is less than half of the R-to-R interval at normal rates

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14
Q

the release of free Ca++ ions into the interiors of the myocytes produces myocardial

A

contraction

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15
Q

following depolarization, repolarization is due to the controlled outflow of ____ ions from the myocytes

A

K+

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16
Q

the amount of time represented by the distance between 2 heavy black lines is ____

A

0.2 of a second

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17
Q

each small division (measured horizontally between 2 fine lines) represents ____

A

0.04 of a second

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18
Q

what leads are considered lateral leads

A

leads I and IVL

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19
Q

what leads are considered inferior leads

A

II, III, and AVF

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20
Q

if leads V1 through V6 are imagined to be spokes of a wheel, the center of the wheel is the ____

A

AV node

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21
Q

lead V2 describes a straight line directly from the front to the back of the patient. In the lead V2 the patients back is considered ____

A

negative

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22
Q

when examine an EKG, you should determine the ____ first

A

rate

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23
Q

what do ventricular automaticity foci all pace within the range of

A

20-40 per minute range

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24
Q

what is the only conduction like between the aura and the ventricular conduction system below

A

AV node

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25
Q

define arrrhythmia

A

without rhythm

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26
Q

axis refers to the _____of depolarization as it passes through the heart

A

direction

27
Q

there is increased depolarization in a ____ ventricle

A

hypertrophied

28
Q

if the mean QRS vector points toward the right, we expect the QRS complex in lead I to be ____

A

negative

29
Q

if the QRS in lead I is upright, the vector points to the patient’s

A

left

30
Q

the chest leads form the _____ plane

A

horizontal

31
Q

the chest electrode used for recording lead V2 is always _____

A

positive

32
Q

a wave of depolarization traveling towards a positive EKG electrode causes a/an ____ deflection of the EKG tracing

A

upward/positive

33
Q

a wave of depolarization traveling away from a positive EKG electrode causes a/an _____ deflection on the EKG tracing

A

negative/downward

34
Q

describe the PR interval

A

distance (time) from beginning of P wave to beginning of QRS complex

35
Q

describe the QT interval

A

distance (time) from beginning of QRS complex to end of T wave

36
Q

describe the ST interval

A

distance (time) from end of QRS complex to end of T wave

37
Q

what phase is the ST segment

A

plateau phase

38
Q

what is the most widely accepted cause for the U wave

A

depolarization of the purkinje fibers

39
Q

what does the vertical axis of the tracing represent

A

voltage

40
Q

what does 1mm equal at standard calibration of the vertical axis

A

0.1 mV

41
Q

what does the horizontal axis of the tracing represent

A

time

42
Q

what does 1 mm at standard paper speed on the horizontal axis represent

A

0.04 sec/ 40 msec

43
Q

how many big blocks are there per second

A

5

44
Q

how many big blocks are there per minute

A

300

45
Q

what plane are the precordial leads in

A

horizontal

46
Q

describe the 3 bipolar limb leads

A

each has 1 positive and 1 negative electrode

47
Q

describe the 3 augmented unipolar limb leads

A

each has 1 positive electrode and 1 compound reference electrode

48
Q

describe lead 1 and AVF with normal EKG (rotation)

A

both are upward

49
Q

describe lead 1 and AVF with R.A.D.

A

lead 1 is downward; AVF is upward

50
Q

describe lead 1 and AVF with extreme R.A.D.

A

lead 1 and AVF are both downward

51
Q

describe lead 1 and AVF with L.A.D

A

lead 1 is upward and AVF is downward

52
Q

what is the normal angle for AVL

A

-30

53
Q

what is the normal angle for lead 1

A

0

54
Q

what is the normal angle for AVR

A

+30

55
Q

what is the normal angle for lead II

A

+60

56
Q

what is the normal angle for AVF

A

+90

57
Q

what is the normal angle for lead III

A

+120

58
Q

how is the rotation described if the ratio of the R:S ratio changes from <1 to >1 after V4 (horizontal plane)

A

leftward axis rotation

59
Q

how is the rotation described if the ratio of the R:S ratio changes from <1 to >1 at or before V2 (horizontal plane)

A

rightward axis rotation

60
Q

how is the rotation described if the ratio of the R:S ratio changes from <1 to >1 after V2 and at or before V4 (horizontal plane)

A

normal

61
Q

what happens if in the horizontal plane the R:S ratio starts <1 and stays <1

A

leftward axis rotation

62
Q

what happens if in the horizontal plane the R:S ratio starts >1 and stays >1

A

rightward axis rotation

63
Q

what happens if in the horizontal plane the R:S ratio starts >1 and becomes <1 by V6

A

leftward axis rotation

LECOM EKG (3 decks)

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