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IBS514 Module 1 > Lecture 1: Central Dogma > Flashcards

Lecture 1: Central Dogma Flashcards

1
Q

Enzyme untwists DNA

A

topoisomerase

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2
Q

Enzyme unzip DNA

A

helicase

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3
Q

Stabilize single strand DNA

A

Single strand binding proteins

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4
Q

New DNA strand synthesize

A

DNA polymerase

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5
Q

Holds DNA polymerase

A

sliding clamp

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6
Q

rule of codons

A

triplet code

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7
Q

Reading frame

A

sequence of codons btw start and stop

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8
Q

DNA start codon

A

ATG

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9
Q

Redundancy in amino acids equals

A

stability and tolerance of the genome

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10
Q

RNA start codon and amino acid

A

AUG: Methionine

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11
Q

5’ strand names?

A

coding strand

sense strand

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12
Q

3’ strand names

A

template strand

anti-sense strand

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13
Q

Transcription: bond between RNA nucleotides, created by what

A

Phosphodiester bonds

RNA Polymerase

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14
Q

Transcription: bond between complemetary base pairs of DNA and RNA

A

Hydrogen bonds

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15
Q

Transcription: which bond occurs first

A

hydrogen bonds

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16
Q

4 types of point mutations

A

Frameshift
Missense
Silent
Nonsense

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17
Q

Frameshift mutation

Results in

A

insertion or deleting of 1 nucleotide
shifts reading by 1
usually with premature stop codon

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18
Q

Missense mutation

A

1 different nucleotide

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19
Q

Silent mutation

A

1 different nucleotide, but codon codes for the same amino acid

20
Q

Nonsense mutation

A

substitution makes premature stop codon

21
Q

4 steps to decode gene sequence

A
  1. Find start
  2. Mark triplets
  3. Find stop
  4. Check that it’s in frame
22
Q

3 steps of transcription

A
  1. Initiation: RNA polymerase binds to promoter
  2. Elongation: recruit + add nucleotides
  3. Termination: at terminator
23
Q

RNA polymerase I transcribes

A

genes for rRNA

24
Q

RNA polymerase II transcribes (2)

A

genes for mRNA + ribosome assembly

25
Q

RNA polymerase III transcribes

A

genes for tRNA

26
Q

3 steps to controlling transcription

A
  1. chromatin remodeling: exposes DNA
  2. promoter exposure
  3. assembly of proteins
27
Q

2 segments of pre-mRNA before exon

A

promoter-proximal element

promoter

28
Q

What edits out introns

A

Spliceosome: small nuclear ribonucleoproteins

29
Q

4 steps to mature mRNA

A
  1. 5’ cap
  2. Poly A tail
  3. Splicing
  4. Export to cytoplasm
30
Q

5’ cap does (2)

A
  1. protect from degradation

2. acts as “attach here” for ribosome

31
Q

Poly A tail does (3)

A
  1. inhibit degradation
  2. help ribosome attach
  3. facilitates export from nucleus
32
Q

Bacterial promoter

A

35 box and 10 box

33
Q

Bacterial contact to promoter

A

Sigma

34
Q

of bacterial polymerases

A

1

35
Q

4 steps of prokaryotic translation

A
  1. RNA polymerase synthesizes mRNA
  2. Ribosomes translate at same time
  3. Polyribosomes: multiples bind
  4. Nascent protein produced
36
Q

2 functions of tRNA

A
  1. carry activated AA to ribosome

2. form hydrogen bond btw base pairs

37
Q

Enzyme to attach AA to tRNA

A

Aminoacyl tRNA synthetase

38
Q

3 steps to attach AA to tRNA

A
  1. Enzyme binds AA (ATP > AMP, 2 phosphate groups released)
  2. = activated AA + high potential energy
  3. AA transferred from enzyme to tRNA (AMP leaves)
    READY FOR TRANSPORT
39
Q

How many tRNAs? What makes this work?

A

45 tRNAs

Wobble: only first 2 base pairs need to match

40
Q

3 ribosomal binding sites + functions

A
  1. A site: holds next aminoacyl tRNA
  2. P site: holds tRNA w growing end attached
  3. E site: holds tRNA at exit end
41
Q

3 steps of Translation

A
  1. Initiation
  2. Elongation
  3. Termination
42
Q

3 steps of translational initiation

A
  1. mRNA binds to 30s
  2. initiation factor helps recruit aminoacyl tRNA w f-Met to P Site
  3. Aminoacyl tRNA helps recruit 50s
43
Q

3 steps of translational elongation

A
  1. incoming aminoacyl tRNA to A site
  2. Ribosome active site condensation rxn forms peptide bond btw amino acids
  3. Aminoacyl tRNA: from A site to P site; P site to E site
44
Q

4 steps of translational termination

A
  1. Release factor to A Site binds to stop codon
  2. Hydrolysis of bond btw tRNA and polypeptide
  3. Polypeptide is released
  4. Ribosome subunits separate
45
Q

2 types of chromosomal mutations

A
  1. Inversion

2. Translocation

IBS514 Module 1 (4 decks)

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