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From molecules to cells > Lecture 1: Cells and their components > Flashcards

Lecture 1: Cells and their components Flashcards

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Organic Chemistry 101 flashcards
1
Q

What does cell theory state? (4)

A
  • cells are the fundamental units of life
  • all organisms are composed of cells
  • all cells form from pre-existing cells
  • all cells are surrounded by a plasma membrane
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2
Q

define unicellular organisms

A

a single cell that carries out all the functions of life

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3
Q

define multicellular organisms

A

made of many cells that are specialized for different functions

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4
Q

what 2 groups are included in prokaryotes?

A

Bacteria and Archaea

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5
Q

what 4 components to all prokaryotic cells have?

A

DNA, ribosomes, plasma membrane, cell wall

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6
Q

what 3 components do all eukaryotic cells have?

A
  • cytoskeleton
  • nucleus
  • complex internal membrane systems
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7
Q

what’s a important model cell system for prokaryote research?

A

E.Coli

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8
Q

What’s an important model cell system for lower eukaryote research?

A

Yeast

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9
Q

What’s an important model cell system for high eukaryote research?

A

Human tissue culture

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10
Q

what are 3 important model animals?

A

zebrafish, drosophila and Caenorhabditis elegans

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11
Q

What do Peroxisomes do?

A

break down fatty acids, alcohol and toxins

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12
Q

What disease can defects in peroxisome synthesis causse?

A

Zellweger syndrome

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13
Q

What is cytosol?

A
  • largest single compartment in the cell

- site of many fundamental cellular processes

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14
Q

What makes up the cytoplasm?

A

everything inside the plasma membrane outside the nucleus

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15
Q

What is the nucleus simply known as?

A

‘information store’

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16
Q

What is the nucleus surrounded by?

A

nuclear envelope

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17
Q

what does the nucleus contain?

A

cellular DNA and chromosomes

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18
Q

Where is the nucleolus found?

A

inside the nucleus

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19
Q

what does the nucleolus contain?

A

ribosomal RNA- to assemble ribosomal subunits

20
Q

what is the mitochondria’s main role?

A

energy generation

21
Q

what process occurs in the mitochondria?

A

oxidative phosphorylation to generate ATP

22
Q

What sort of membrane does the mitochondria have?

A

double membrane

23
Q

what’s the structure of the inner membrane of the mitochondria?

A

extensively folded (increase SA for cellular respiration)

24
Q

What’s the main role of the endoplasmic reticulum?

A

synthesis

25
Q

what’s the structure of the endoplasmic reticulum?

A

irregular maze of interconnected spaces enclosed by a single membrane

26
Q

What’s the entry point to the secretory pathway?

A

ER

27
Q

what does the ER make?

A

secretory and membrane proteins and lipids

28
Q

What makes rough ER rough?

A

it has bound ribosomes

29
Q

what is the sarcoplasmic reticulum?

A

ER derived Ca2+ store in muscle cells- for muscle contraction

30
Q

what’s the appearance of golgi?

A

flattened sacs/discs

31
Q

what does the golgi do?

A

receives proteins and lipids as cargo from the ER- transits then to the plasma membrane

32
Q

How do vesicles worth of material enter a cell?

A

endocytosis

33
Q

how do vesicles of material leave a cell?

A

exocytosis

34
Q

what makes up the endomembrane system?

A

nuclear envelope, ER and golgi

35
Q

what’s the purpose of microscopy?

A

to study tissues, cells and subcellular components

36
Q

what’s the purpose of centrifugation?

A

to isolate subcellular organelles

37
Q

what’s the purpose of chromatography?

A

purification of proteins and protein complexes

38
Q

what’s the purpose of gel electrophoresis and mass-spectrometry?

A

allow the analysis of macro-molecules like proteins and DNA

39
Q

what is homogenisation?

A

the controlled rupture of plasma membrane

40
Q

What are the 4 methods of homogenisation?

A
  • break cells with high frequency e.g. ultrasound
  • use mild detergent to make holes in the plasma membrane
  • force cells through a small hole using high pressure
  • shear cells between a close-fitting rotating plunger and the thick walls of a glass vessels
41
Q

what is differential centrifugation?

A

repeated centrifugation at progressively higher speeds will fractionate cell homogenates into their components

42
Q

what does SDS stand for?

A

Sodium Dodecyl Sulphate

43
Q

what does SDS do?

A

binds to proteins and unfolds them

44
Q

what does PAGE stand for?

A

Poly Acrylamide Gel Electrophoresis

45
Q

what sort of molecules is SDS- PAGE centrifugation used for?

A

protein

46
Q

what’s immunoblotting?

A

take SDS page and identify the specific protein using an antibody that recognises it

From molecules to cells (2 decks)

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