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MCM > Lecture 1: Cells > Flashcards

Lecture 1: Cells Flashcards

1
Q

Nucleotide

A

Monomers in DNA. A sugar (deoxyribose), a phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base (A,G,T,C). Each sugar linked via phosphate group.

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2
Q

Ribonucleic Acid (RNA)

A

the transcribed form of DNA that leads to the synthesis of proteins. backbone contains ribose instead of deoxyribose. Single stranded

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3
Q

Nucleic Acids

A

Long polymers of nucleotide monomers that are linked via phosphodiester bonds. (RNA and DNA)

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4
Q

Nucleotide

A

subunits of DNA and RNA. Contain nitrogenous base, five carbon sugar, and phosphate group or groups. (pyrimidines= Cytosine and Thymine, Purines=Guanine and Adenine)

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5
Q

nucleoside

A

nitrogenous base linked to sugar (No phosphates)

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6
Q

Ribonucleotide

A

Ex. ATP

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7
Q

Pyrimidines

A

6 membered ring. Cytosine and Thymine(and uracil).

Think Cut The Pie

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8
Q

Purine

A

Pyrimdine ring with an additional five membered ring attached (Adenine and Guanine)

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9
Q

mRNA

A

Encode protein, intermediate molecule that encodes a final product of proteins. Located in Cytosol and ER. Short lived and frequently produced and degraded. 3-5% of RNA in a eukaryotic cell.

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10
Q

tRNA

A

mRNA translation. Located in cytosol and ER

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11
Q

rRNA

A

mRNA translation. in Cytosol and ER. Majority of RNA is rRNA.

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12
Q

Transcriptional unit

A

one segment of DNA which is transcribed into a single product. most encode mRNA

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13
Q

snRNA

A

Small nuclear RNA. HAs role in splicing mRNA.

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14
Q

miRNA

A

Micro RNA. regulate gene expression. Endogenous

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15
Q

siRNA

A

Small interfering RNA. Regulate gene expression. Exogenous

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16
Q

RISC (RNA induced silencing complex)

A

uses ssRNA to complementary base pair with an mRNA molecule and inhibit translation or induces degradation.

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17
Q

Complementary base pairing

A

Pyrimidines Cytosine and Thymine pair with Purines Adenine and Guanine in DNA via non covalent H bonds.

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18
Q

Peptide bond

A

covalent bond between two adjacent amino acids and it is always between the positively charged amino and negativelty charged carboxyl groups.

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19
Q

AA’s with polar side chains

A

Aspartic acid, glutamic acid, arginine, lysine, histidine, asparagine glutamine, serine, threonine, tyrosine

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20
Q

Negatively charged side chains

A

Aspartic acid, Glutamic acid

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21
Q

Positively charged side chains

A

Arginine, Lysine, Histidine

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22
Q

Uncharged but polar side chains

A

Asparagine, Glutamine, serine, threonine, tyrosine

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23
Q

Condensation reaction

A

Forms a glycosidic bond between two free hydroxyls, one on each sugar. This reaction expels water

24
Q

Hydrolysis

A

Addition of water reforms the free hydroxyl residues and splits the glycosidic bond.

25
Q

Saturated

A

no double bonds

26
Q

Unsaturated

A

Contain 1 or more double bonds.

27
Q

Lipids

A

hydrophobic and insoluble in water.

28
Q

Fatty acids

A

contains hydrophobic hydrocarbon chain/tail and a hydrophilic carboxyl group. hydrocarbon chain is either saturated (no double bonds) or unsaturated (1 or more double bonds).

29
Q

Triacylglycerols

A

fatty acids stored in the cytoplasm. contain 3 fatty acid chains and a glycerol molecule. can be broken down for energy use into first free fatty acid chains and a glycerol molecule then again into two carbon units that are identical to those derived from glycolysis. Triacylglycerols are the preferred form of long term storage because they weigh far less than sugars.

30
Q

Phospholipids

A

make up cell membranes and are composed of two fatty acid chains, glycerol, a hydrophilic phosphate group and a small hydrophilic group (most often choline). They are amphipathic -> contain a hydrophilic head and a hydrophobic tail portion. Make up lipid bilayer.

31
Q

Amphipathic (or Amphiphilic)

A

contain both a hydrophilic portion and hydrophobic portion (like phospholipids)

32
Q

Gram positive

A

Bacteria that contains several layers of peptidoglycan

33
Q

Gram negative

A

single layer of peptidoglycan

34
Q

Prokaryotes

A

Contain circular Chromosome. Bacteria. Contain rigid cell walls. No organelles. Archaebacteria exist in extreme environments while Eubacteria are the rest and contain diseaase causing bacteria. Cell walls consist of peptidoglycan.

35
Q

Eukaryotes

A

More complex than Prokaryotes. Cells always surrounded by plasma membrane. Contains organelles and cytoskeleton. DNA is linear and in the nucleus.

36
Q

Nascent

A

unfolded form of a protein.

37
Q

Chaperones

A

Help fold a protein into final form that is more energetically favorable.

38
Q

Aldehyde

A

-CHO, Involved in closing of sugar into ring when reacting with free hydroxyl on other terminus.

39
Q

ATP (Adenosine Triphosphate)

A

A ribonucleotide used to store energy released during metabolic breakdown of ingested organic compounds. Energy is stored in the phosphoanhydride bonds between phosphate groups. Hydrolysis of these groups releases energy.

40
Q

Carbohydrates

A

(CH2O)n. Sugars. Polymers of monosaccharides (disaccharides, oligosaccharides, and polysaccharides are formed by linking simple sugars together via condensation reactoin in which a glycosidic bond is formed between two free hydroyls. Used for cellular energy, especially glucose. (Glycogen in animals, starch in plans).

41
Q

Cellulose

A

Mechanic support in plants. Linkages cannot be broken down by human digestive enzymes.

42
Q

Deoxyribose

A

In DNA. Ribose that has 1 less oxygen

43
Q

Disaccharide

A

2 monosaccharides linked by glycosidic bond

44
Q

Enantiomers

A

Same formula but mirror images (D or L)

45
Q

Essential Amino Acids

A

Threonine, Methionine, Lysine, Valine, Leucine, Isoleucine, Histidine, Phenylalanine, Tryptophan. Cannot be synthesized so must be consumed through diet.

46
Q

Nitrogen fixation

A

the incorporation of nitrogen into organic molecules.Energetically expensive.

47
Q

Glucose

A

C6H12O6. Most important monosaccharide used for cellular energy. Broken down into glycolosis to form ATP and other cofactors.

48
Q

Glycolipids

A

lipids with carbohydrates attahced via glycosidic bonds

49
Q

Glycolysis

A

break down of glucose and forms pyruvate with the production of two molecules of ATP

50
Q

Glycoproteins

A

any of a class of proteins that have carbohydrate groups attached to the polypeptide chain

51
Q

Hydroxyl

A

-OH

52
Q

Isomer

A

Same formula, different structure ( Glucose and mannose)

53
Q

Nucleoside Triphosphate

A

a type of nucleotide. contains a nucleoside bound to three phosphate groups

54
Q

Oligosaccharide

A

3-10 sugars bound by glycosidic bond.

55
Q

Phosphoanhydride bond

A

where energy is stored in ATP

56
Q

ribose

A

five carbon sugar

57
Q

starch

A

form of glucose stored in large polysaccharides in plants

MCM (3 decks)

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