Lecture 1: Bodily Systems

Question 1

What does the muscular system consist of?

Answer 1

Skeletal, cardiac, and smooth muscles

Question 2

Describe the skeletal muscle types.
Pennate
Fusiform
Parallel
Convergent
Circular
Digastric

Answer 2

Pennate: feather-like arrangement of fascicles (fiber bundles)

Fusiform: round and thick with tapered ends

Parallel: fascicles lay parallel to long axis

Convergent: broad attachment with fascicles that converge on single tendon

Circular: around opening or orifice

Digastric: two bellies sharing an intermediate tendon

Question 3

Skeletal Muscle: Contraction (Pull, Never Push)

Answer 3

Origin: proximal attachment of muscle (remains fixed)

Insertion: distal attachment of muscle (moves during contraction)

Some muscles can act in both directions under different circumstances.

Question 4

Skeletal Muscle:
Agonist vs. Antagonist

Answer 4

Agonist: main muscle responsible for movement

Antagonist: muscle that opposes the action of another muscle; progressively relax in coordination with agonist to produce smooth movement

Question 5

Describe the cardiac muscle.

Answer 5

1. Striated (like skeletal muscle)
2. Forms myocardium: muscular wall of heart
3. Involuntary – contraction controlled by intrinsic pacemaker nodes/autonomic nervous system

Question 6

Describe the smooth muscle.

Answer 6

1. Not striated
2. Forms walls of most blood vessels, digestive tract, and ducts
3. Involuntary – innervated by autonomic nervous system

Question 7

What is the function of the skeletal system?

Answer 7

1. Protect internal organs
2. Support the body
3. Mechanical basis for movement
4. Calcium storage
5. Produce new blood cells

Question 8

What are the contents of the skeletal system?

Answer 8

Bones: axial and appendicular skeleton
Cartilage: connective tissue

Question 9

What does the structural division of the nervous system consist of?

Answer 9

1. Central nervous system (CNS)
   - Brain and spinal cord
2. Peripheral nervous system (PNS)
   - Nerve fibers and cell bodies outside CNS

Question 10

What does the functional division of the nervous system consist of?

Answer 10

1. Afferent (sensory)
   - Carries info to CNS
2. Efferent (motor)
   - Carries impulse from CNS to rest of body (e.g., muscles/glands)

Question 11

What is the function of the circulatory system?

Answer 11

• Transports fluids
• Cardiovascular system: heart and blood vessels (arteries and veins)
• Lymphatic system: drains surplus fluid to remove cellular debris

Question 12

Integumentary System:
Function (5)

Answer 12

1. Protection from environment
2. Contain bodily tissues
3. Regulate heat
4. Sensation
5. Vitamin D synthesis and storage

Question 13

Integumentary System:
Contents

Answer 13

Question 14

Describe the following parts of the integumentary system:

1. Epidermis
2. Dermis

Answer 14

Epidermis: superficial keratinized stratified layer

Dermis: deeper layer of collagen and elastin fibers

Question 15

3. Arrector pili mm

Answer 15

Arrector pili mm: contract to erect hair

Question 16

4. Sebaceous glands
5. Sweat glands

Answer 16

Sebaceous glands: secrete oil
Sweat glands: secrete sweat