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Transfusion Science > Lecture 1 - Blood Groups > Flashcards

Lecture 1 - Blood Groups Flashcards

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1
Q

what are blood group systems considered as?

A

antigens on membranes of cells

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2
Q

how are red cells agglutinated?

A

when they are joined together by cross linking of antibodies

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3
Q

what blood group is the most clinically significant?

A

ABO

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4
Q

what is landsteiners law?

A

that antibodies in plasma match with antigens that are not on the surface of the red cells

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5
Q

what is the cause of almost all serious transfusion reactions?

A

ABO incompatability

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6
Q

what is the difference between the A and B antigens?

A

different terminal carbohydrates to the H antigen

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7
Q

how is a H antigen made?

A

H allele produces H transferase which converts a precursor substance to a H antigen

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8
Q

what converts a H antigen to an A or B antigen?

A

A or B transferase

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9
Q

what does A transferase add to the H antigen?

A

N-acetyl-D-galactosamine

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10
Q

what does B transferase add to the H antigen?

A

D-galactose

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11
Q

what is the features of the transferase of OO genotype?

A

no functional transferase so H left unchanged

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12
Q

what is the name for the carbohydrate chains added to a H antigen?

A

immunodominant sugars

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13
Q

what is the H immunodominant sugar?

A

Fuc

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14
Q

what is the A immunodominant sugar?

A

GalNAc

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15
Q

what is the B immunodominant sugar?

A

Gal

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16
Q

how is blood grouping linked to natural selection?

A

certain blood groups cause susceptibility with certain diseases

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17
Q

what antibodies are in the plasma of a type A patient?

A

anti-B

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18
Q

what antibodies are present in the plasma of a type B patient?

A

anti-A

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19
Q

what antibodies does an AB patient have?

A

none, yet A and B antigens

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20
Q

what antibodies does a O patient have?

A

anti-A and anti-B yet no antigens on red blood cell

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21
Q

what antibodies can cause intravascular lysis and how?

A

anti A and B and anti A,B by activating the complement pathway

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22
Q

what group is the universal red cell donor and why?

A

O as no antibodies on the surface

23
Q

what group is the universal red cell recipient and why?

A

AB as they have no antibodies in the plasma

24
Q

what group is the universal plasma donor?

A

AB as will not give patient any antibodies

25
Q

what group is the universal plasma recipient?

A

group O as no antigens to reject the antibodies in the plasma

26
Q

what is HDFN?

A

haemolytic disease of the foetus and newborn

27
Q

how is blood grouping carried out in present years?

A

antiserum is contained in a gel matrix and the blood is passed through, if the blood cells contain the matching antigen they are trapped in the matrix

28
Q

what are the blood subgroups?

A

A1, A2, A3 and Ax

29
Q

how does a subgroup form?

A

there is a quantitative reduction in the number of A antigens on the surface of red cells

30
Q

how can you tell that there is a subgroup?

A

if there is a slight positive reaction to the A antibody

31
Q

what is anti-A1?

A

this is the formation of ability to produce anti-A1

32
Q

what is an acquired B blood type?

A

group A patients who produce a B like antigen so therefore start grouping as a B

33
Q

what diseases is acquired B linked to?

A

GI bacterial diseases and colon cancer patients due to the action of bacterial enzymes

34
Q

how is acquired B caused?

A

bacterial enzymes nibble off the end of the carbohydrate chain, transforming it into a B chain

35
Q

how is loss of ABO antigens caused?

A

due to malignancy

36
Q

what disease causes loss of ABO antigens?

A

usually myeloid leukaemia

37
Q

what does loss of ABO antigens indicate is changing?

A

genetic changes in the stem cell line at the ABO gene level

38
Q

how is loss of ABO antigens detected?

A

flow cytometry which marks the different antigens showing different populations

39
Q

what is an Oh blood group?

A

Hh group people cannot make H, A or B antigens as no H antigen produced

40
Q

what grouping features does an Oh group have?

A

may be genetically A or B but groups as an O

41
Q

what blood does group Oh react with?

A

have strong anti H antibodies so will react with all blood except its own

42
Q

what is the second most important blood group?

A

Rh

43
Q

what are the 5 antigens belonging to Rh?

A

D, C, c, E and e

44
Q

what antigens does D produce?

A

D antigens

45
Q

what antigens does the CE gene produce?

A

ce, Ce, cE or CE

46
Q

why is the D antigen the most important?

A

most immunogenic

47
Q

why is the D antigen the most immunogenic?

A

large membrane protein so even small amount of exposure with RhD positive blood if patient is negative still causes production of anti-D antibodies

48
Q

what does it mean if you are rhesus positive?

A

have the D gene

49
Q

what is weak D?

A

quantitative difference in number of antigen sites on the red blood cell, do not form anti-D antigens

50
Q

how is weak D caused?

A

mutation of interior of D molecule, causing less D antigens on the surface

51
Q

is weak D still R+?

A

yes but have a weak positive reaction to the antiserum

52
Q

what is partial D?

A

qualitative difference in the antigen, can still form anti-D with the missing parts of the antigen

53
Q

how is partial D formed?

A

mutation on the outside of the D molecule

54
Q

are partial D patients still R+?

A

as a donor yes, as they do still have part of the molecule, yet not as a recipient in case they may form anti-D antibodies with the blood they receive

Transfusion Science (8 decks)

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