Lecture 1: Basics of Microbiology Flashcards
Relative to their cell volume, Bacteria have a large …. ….
Relative to their cell volume, bacteria have a large SURFACE AREA.
- A large surface area allows the Bacteria to have:
1) Faster Metabolic Processes
2) Quicker Nutrient Diffusion in and out of the cell
True or False: Bacteria’s genome in their Nucleus encodes for some proteins required for entry into the host cell
False: Bacteria do not have a nucleus (they are enucleated, small (1-10 microns), single-cell organisms
What are the four potential Bacterial Surface Structures?
1) Cell Wall
2) Plasma Membrane
3) Outer Membrane
4) Capsule
Bacteria have a …. name and a ….. name
Bacteria have a GENUS name and a SPECIES name (Ex. Heliobacter Pylori)
Describe the Gram (+) Bacteria Cell Envelope
- Thick Cell Wall (outside of the Plasma Membrane) that is made out of peptidoglycan
- Teichoic Acids and Lipoteichoic acids are within the Peptidoglycan Cell Wall and can interact with the Plasma Membrane
- Cell-wall Associated Proteins= Recognized by Body’s Immune Response
What are the two sugar derivatives that make up Peptidoglycan?
1) N- Acetylglucosamine
2) N- Acetylmuramic Acid
The …. is a polymer of identical subunits that form a linear Glycan Chain of alternating …. ….. that are linked via cross-links between ……
The PEPTIDOGLYCAN is a polymer of identical subunits that form a linear Glycan Chain of alternating SUGAR DERIVATIVES that are linked via cross-links between PEPTIDES
What are the two factors that lead to Peptidoglycan Diversity?
Although Peptidoglycans are similar in Bacteria….
1) Frequency of the Cross Links between Peptides
2) AAs used to make up the Peptides
leads to their diversity
Is the Peptidoglycan Linear or Helical in Shape?
Linear
Describe the Gram (-) Bacteria Cell Envelope
- Composed of Lipopolysaccharides that are made of
a) Lipid A b) Core Polysaccharide c) O Antigen Side Chain - Has thin Cell Wall underneath the Outer Membrane
…. is a major part of the Outer Membrane and can be neurotoxic if Bacteria lyses
Lipid A component of Lipopolysaccharides
… connects Lipid A to the O Antigen Side Chain
Core Polysaccharide
Which component of the Lipopolysaccharide provides antigenic variation
O Antigen Side Chain
The …. …. is between the inner and outer plasma membrane
The PERIPLASMIC SPACE is between the inner and outer plasma membrane
- Allows for quick transport of nutrients into the cell
- Digestive Enzymes and Transport Proteins located
Where is the Bacteria’s ETC?
Cytoplasmic Membrane (Inner Plasma Membrane)
True or False: Teichoic Acids in the Peptidoglycan attach to the Bacterial cell’s Plasma Membrane
False: LIPOteichoic Acids in the Peptidoglycan attach to the Bacterial cell’s Plasma Membrane
What does the Gram Stain actually stain?
The Peptidoglycan of the Bacteria’s Cell Wall
Gram (+) Bacteria stain ….. while Gram (-) Bacteria stain ….
Gram (+) Bacteria stain PURPLE while Gram (-) Bacteria stain PINK
….. is the smallest known genome of a living organism and found in genital/respiratory tracts of primates
MYCOPLASMA is the smallest known genome of a living organism and found in genital/respiratory tracts of primates
What are three important characteristics of Mycoplasma?
1) No Cell Wall
2) Beta-Lactam (ex. Penicillin) Antibiotic Resistance
3) Need Cholesterol from Host
The ….. provides motility for the Bacteria and is composed out of the protein …..
The FLAGELLUM provides motility for the Bacteria and is composed out of the protein FLAGELLIN
The “H8” in E. Coli O157:H8 refers to the ….
The “H8” in E. Coli O157: H8 refers to the type of protein in the Flagella
What are the three components of the Flagellum?
1) Basal Body 2) Hook 3) Filament
…. are short, hairlike protrusions that can mediate initial …. for the Bacteria
FIMBRIAE/PILLI are short, hairlike protrusions that can mediate initial ATTACHMENT for the Bacteria
True or False: Fimbriae help in motility
False: Fimbriae DO NOT help in motility
The …. is a layer outside the Bacterial Cell Wall, not easily washed off and composed of Polysaccharides
- Allows Bacteria to escape phagocytosis
The CAPSULE is a layer outside the Bacterial Cell Wall, not easily washed off and composed of Polysaccharides
- Allows Bacteria to escape phagocytosis
…. are dormant structures for Gram … Bacteria that are highly resistant to the …..
ENDOSPORES are dormant structures for Gram (+) Bacteria that are highly resistant to the ENVIRONMENT
When does Endopsore commence and finish?
Commences when there is a lack of nutrients available and finishes when Bacteria are released as the environment is beneficial for growth
Two examples of Endospore Gram (+) Bacteria are
1) Clostridium= Survives in Anaerobic Environment
(Ex. Botulism, Tetanus, Gas Gangrene)
2) Bacillus (Ex. Anthrax)
Describe Bacterial Genetic Material
- One singular double-helix chromosome within the Cytosol of the Bacteria
- Chromosome supercoils where there are multiple supercoil domains
- DNA Gyrase unwinds the Bacterial Supercoil at the single site Origin of Replication (ORI)
What do Quinolone Compounds target?
DNA Gyrase
Bacterial mRNA (more/less) stable than Human mRNA
Bacterial mRNA is LESS stable than Human mRNA
- Due to lack of a Poly-A Tail
A ….. mutation occurs when Purine–> Purine or Pyrimidine–> Pyrimidine
A TRANSITION mutation occurs when Purine–> Purine or Pyrimidine–> Pyrimidine
A …. mutation occurs when a Purine–> Pyrimidine and vice versa
A TRANSVERSION mutation occurs when a Purine–> Pyrimidine and vice versa
… are small double-stranded DNA molecules that replicate (independently/dependently) of the Bacterial Nucleiod
PLASMIDS are small double-stranded DNA molecules that replicate INDEPENDENTLY of the Bacterial Nucleiod
….. is the process in which DNA from dead Bacteria is taken up by an alive Bacteria
- If there is a similar DNA sequence the piece of DNA can be integrated into the Nucleoid of the Bacteria’s genome
TRANSFORMATION is the process in which DNA from dead Bacteria is taken up by an alive Bacteria
- If there is a similar DNA sequence the piece of DNA can be integrated into the Nucleoid of the Bacteria’s genome
Different …. Content likely means the DNA sequence is from a different Bacteria
Different CG Content likely means the DNA sequence is from a different Bacteria
