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Forensic Chemistry > Lecture 1 - Basic chemical analysis > Flashcards

Lecture 1 - Basic chemical analysis Flashcards

1
Q

What does a combination of colour tests provide?

A

Presumptive identification of an unknown drug

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2
Q

How can you provide conclusive identification of an unknown drug?

A

GC-MS

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3
Q

What does the Marquis test detect?

A

Opioids, Amphetamine family, alkaloids and magic mushrooms

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4
Q

What does the Ehrlic’s test detect?

A

LSD (Lysergic acid dimethylamide)

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5
Q

What does the Duquenois Levine test detect?

A

THC (Tetrahydrocannabinol)

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6
Q

What does the cobalt thiocyanate test detect?

A

Cocaine

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7
Q

What does the Dilli-Kopany test detect?

A

Barbiturates

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8
Q

What does the Simon test detect?

A

Distinguishes between amphetamine and methamphetamine

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9
Q

What does the Libermann’s test detect?

A

Targets phenol and amine functional groups

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10
Q

What might an unknown drug be if it has a plant matter appearance?

A

Cannabis

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11
Q

What might an unknown drug be if it has a resin appearance?

A

Cannabis or heroin

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12
Q

What might an unknown drug be if it has a Blotting paper or microdot appearance?

A

LSD

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13
Q

What might an unknown drug be if it has a White powder appearance?

A

Heroin or Cocaine

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14
Q

What might an unknown drug be if it has a Tan powder appearance?

A

Heroin or amphetamine

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15
Q

How are colour tests performed?

A
  • A small amnt of the unknown substance placed in a spot plate
  • A small amnt of reagant is added to the substance
  • The immediate colour change is observed and noted down
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16
Q

How is negative control used?

A
  • A small amnt of the test reagant is added to a blank well on the spot plate
  • If no colour change is observed, the substance has negative control
  • If a colour change is observed, contamination has occured
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17
Q

How is positive control used?

A
  • A standard reference material is obtained and added to a spot plate
  • A small amnt of reagant is added
  • The immediate colour change is noted and compared with that of the unknown substance
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18
Q

What is a chromophore?

A

A molecule that absorbs and emits wavelengths of light in the visible region

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19
Q

What are the 3 types of chromophore produced from colour tests?

A
  • Azo dyes
  • Transition metal complex
  • Carbocation
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20
Q

What is the molecular formula for an azo dye?

A

R-N=N-R

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21
Q

What does a transition metal complex consist of?

A

A transition metal (e.g. cobalt) surrounded by other molecules

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22
Q

What can affect the colour of a transitional metal complex?

A

The addition of anionic, cationic and neutral ligands (ammonia groups)

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23
Q

What are carbocations?

A

Positively charged carbons

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24
Q

What is a primary carbocation?

A

A positively charged carbon surrounded by either 3 hydrogens or 2 hydrogens and an organic group

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25
Q

What is a secondary carbocation?

A

A positively charged carbon surrounded by 1 hydrogen and 2 organic groups

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26
Q

What is a tertiary carbocation?

A

A positively charged carbon surrounded by 3 organic groups

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27
Q

Which is the most stable carbocation?

A

Tertiary carbocation

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28
Q

Which is the least stable carbocation?

A

Primary carbocation

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29
Q

What are sigma bonding orbitals associated with?

A

Sigma electrons (Single bonds)

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30
Q

What are Pie bonding orbitals associated with?

A

Pie electrons (Double or triple bonds)

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31
Q

What are n bonding orbitals associated with?

A

Electrons that are not involved in bonding

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32
Q

When electrons are bombarded with light, what happens?

A

They are excited from the ground state to the excited state

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33
Q

How long do excited electrons stay in the excited state?

A

A short period of time, before they excite back down

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34
Q

What happens as the electrons excite back down?

A

They emit photons of light

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35
Q

What is the colour of light emitted dependant on?

A

The colour of light absorbed and the artist’s colour wheel.

36
Q

What is the Marquis reagent a mix of?

A

2% formaldehyde in sulphuric acid

37
Q

What does the Marquis reagent detect?

A

It’s a general reagent that detects drug families.

38
Q

What does a purple colour change using Marquis indicate?

A

Morphine or Heroin

39
Q

What does a yellow colour change using Marquis indicate?

A

Magic mushrooms

40
Q

What does a Orange -> Black colour change using Marquis indicate?

41
Q

What does a Orange colour change using Marquis indicate?

A

Methamphetamine

42
Q

What does a Orange -> Red -> Brown colour change using Marquis indicate?

A

Amphetamine

43
Q

What is a drawback of using the Marquis Reagent?

A

It cannot distinguish between Methamphetamine and Amphetamine

44
Q

What is the Ehrlic’s Test a mix of?

A

1% p-dimethylaminobenzaldehyde dissolved in concentrated HCL in ethylacetate

45
Q

What does the Ehrlic’s Test detect?

46
Q

What type of reaction does the Ehrlic’s Test produce?

A

Condensation reaction

47
Q

What does a positive result for the Ehrlic’s Test produce?

A

A blue/purple carbocation

48
Q

What is the Libermann’s test a mix of?

A

Potassium or Sodium nitrate dissolved in sulphuric acid

49
Q

What are the products of a Libermann’s test dependant on?

50
Q

What is produced if the final solution of a Libermann’s test is acidic?

A

A red quinone imine

51
Q

What is produced if the final solution of a Libermann’s test is basic?

A

A blue quinone imine

52
Q

What does the Duquenois Levine test detect?

53
Q

What is the Duquenois Levine test a mix of?

A

Involves a sequential set of tests:
- 2% vanillin & 1% acetaldehyde in ethanol
- Concentrated HCL
- Chloroform

54
Q

What does the Duquenois Levine test produce?

A

A purple chromaphore

55
Q

What must be down with the chromophore produced from the Duquenois Levine test?

A

Extracted into the chloroform layer

56
Q

How can the THC be extracted using the Duquenois Levine test?

A

THC is non-polar and fat soluble.
Chloroform is also non-polar, so the THC can be extracted into it

57
Q

What is unique about the Fast blue BB salt test?

A

It’s the only colour test that produces azo dyes

58
Q

What does the fast blue BB salt test detect?

A

THC and it’s metabolites

59
Q

How does the Fast blue BB salt test work?

A

The THC is extracted from the cannabis into the chloroform and add the fast blue BB salt

60
Q

What does a red azo dye indicate using the Fast blue BB salt test?

A

THC is present

61
Q

What does a purple azo dye indicate using the Fast blue BB salt test?

A

Cannabinol is present

62
Q

What does an orange azo dye indicate using the Fast blue BB salt test?

A

Cannabidol is present

63
Q

What is the Cobalt Thiocyanate test a mix of?

A

2% Cobalt thiocyanate dissolved in concentrated HCL

64
Q

What does the Cobalt Thiocyanate test detect?

65
Q

What does the Cobalt Thiocyanate test produce?

A

A blue coloured ion pair

66
Q

How does the Cobalt Thiocyanate test work?

A

Cocaine immediately ionises when in contact with HCL forming a cocaine cation.
Then reacts with the cobalt thiocyanate to produce a blue coloured ion pair.

67
Q

What does the Dilli-Kopanyi test detect?

A

Barbituates (sleep inducing drugs)

68
Q

What is the Dilli-Kopanyi test a mix of?

A

A sequential set of tests:
-1% cobalt acetate in methanol
-5% isopropylamine in methanol

69
Q

What does the Dilli-Kopanyi test produce?

A

A violet/blue transition metal complex

70
Q

What does the Simon test detect?

A

Differentiates between Methamphetamine (secondary amine) and Amphetamine (primary amine)

71
Q

What does the Simon test for methamphetamine consist of?

A

2% Nitroprusside containing acetaldehyde

72
Q

What does the Simon test for methamphetamine produce?

A

A Blue Simon-awe complex

73
Q

What does the Simon test for amphetamine consist of?

A

2% nitroprusside in acetone

74
Q

What does the Simon test for amphetamine produce?

A

A Purple Simon-awe complex

75
Q

What type of reaction does the simon test involve?

A

A condensation reaction

76
Q

What does the Ferric chloride test detect?

A

Alkaloids, phenols and salicylates

77
Q

What does the Dragendorff test detect?

A

Alkaloids and amines

78
Q

What does the Froehde test detect?

A

Codeine, opium and LSD

79
Q

What does the Mandelin’s test detect?

A

Steroids, alkaloids and aspirin

80
Q

What is a microcrystalline test used for?

A

Detects drugs that produce crystals?

81
Q

How is a microcrystalline test carried out?

A

-Small amount of the unknown drug is placed on a microscope slide.
-Few drops of reagent added
-Cover slip placed over slide
-Viewed under microscope

82
Q

What are the reagents used for a microcrystalline test?

A

-Gold Chloride
-Gold Bromide
-Platinum Chloride
-Platinum Bromide

83
Q

What microscope is used during a microcrystalline test?

A

Transmitted light microscope

84
Q

What drug produces sword like crystals?

85
Q

What drug produces plant like crystals?

A

Amphetamine

86
Q

What drug produces Rectangular crystals?

Forensic Chemistry (7 decks)

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