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Pathophysiology - Midterm > Lecture 1: Atherosclerosis > Flashcards

Lecture 1: Atherosclerosis Flashcards

1
Q

Supply or demand: blood flow

A

Supply

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2
Q

What is oxygen demand?

A

What oxygen you need

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3
Q

Supply or demand: oxygen content

A

Supply

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4
Q

Supply or demand: blood pressure

A

Demand

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5
Q

Supply or demand: ventricular wall tension

A

Demand

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6
Q

Supply or demand: heart rate

A

Demand

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7
Q

Supply or demand: contractile force

A

Demand

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8
Q

Briefly describe the atherosclerotic cascade

A

1) LDL squeezes through endothelial cells
2) Macrophages squeeze through & become foam cells
3) Cytokines call more macrophages
4) Smooth muscle cells enter foam cells
5) Plaque forms fibrous cap over mass

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9
Q

Describe the first step of the atherosclerotic cascade

A

LDL (bad cholesterol) builds up in the blood & squeezes past endothelial cells

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10
Q

Describe the second step of the atherosclerotic cascade

A

Macrophages squeeze past endothelial cells & eat LDL, becoming foam cells, which stick together

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11
Q

Describe the third step of the atherosclerotic cascade

A

Cytokines (inflammatory cells) call more macrophages

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12
Q

Describe the fourth step of the atherosclerotic cascade

A

Smooth muscle cells enter fatty streak of foam cells, causing them to stick to the arterial wall

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13
Q

Describe the fifth step of the atherosclerotic cascade

A

Plaque forms a fibrous cap with calcium around the mass, making it hard

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14
Q

What is ischemia?

A

Inadequate blood supply resulting in shortage of oxygen & nutrients

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15
Q

What are 4 causes of ischemia?

A

1) Atherosclerosis
2) Emboli
3) Vasospasm
4) Congenital

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16
Q

When is pain felt in stable angina?

A

During exercise, not during rest

17
Q

What type of referred pain is felt in stable angina?

A

Pain in the left (sometimes right) arm

18
Q

What causes referred pain in stable angina?

A

Sympathetic nerves from the thoracic spine

19
Q

Why does nausea & vomiting occur in stable angina?

A

Proximity to vagus nerve

20
Q

What is bradycardia?

A

Heart rate below 60 bpm

21
Q

What is tachycardia?

A

Heart rate above 100 bpm

22
Q

Stable angina is caused by a buildup of ______

A

Adenosine

23
Q

What are 4 modifiable risk factors for heart disease?

A
  • Smoking
  • Obesity
  • High cholesterol
  • High blood pressure
24
Q

What are 3 unmodifiable risk factors for heart disease?

A
  • Male
  • Age
  • Genetics
25
Q

What is oxygen supply?

A

What oxygen is reaching tissues/cells

Pathophysiology - Midterm (11 decks)

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