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PNB 2XB3 (Neuroanatomy) > Lecture 1 + Assignment 1 > Flashcards

Lecture 1 + Assignment 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Transduction

A

physical stimuli transformed to neural processing

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2
Q

How many neurons in the human brain

A

1 x 10^11

100 billion

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3
Q

Size of a typical neuron

A

10 um (micrometer aka microns)

1 um = 10^(-6) m

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4
Q

How much of our brain do we use

A
  • all of it
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5
Q

Brain’s power (watts) vs. body power

A

20 W

entire body 100 watts

uses 20% = energy intensive

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6
Q

Most common neurotransmitter

A

glutamate

also most important

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7
Q

Voltage inside neuron at rest + ions in neuro-electric activity

A

-65 mV

Na, K, Ca, Cl

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8
Q

Central nervous system

+ examples

A

all parts of the nervous system within bone

  • spinal cord, brainstem, thalamus, cortex, etc.
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9
Q

Peripheral nervous system

A

all parts not within bone = peripheral nerves

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10
Q

3 components of the brainstem

A
  • midbrain
  • pons
  • medulla
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11
Q

Spinal cord sections / dermatomes

A
  1. Cervical
  2. Thoracic
  3. Lumbar
  4. Sacral
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12
Q

Similarities between neurons and other cells

A

Enclosure
- lipid bilayer membrane

Organelles
- nucleus
- mitochondria
- etc.

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13
Q

Differences between neurons and other cells

A

Morphology
- dendrites
- axons

Electrically excitable
- action potentials

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14
Q

Function of dendrites and axons

A

Dendrites
- receive signals from other neurons (input)
- many or no dendrites

Axons
- send signals to other neurons (output)
- have ONLY ONE (branches like a tree)

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15
Q

Morphological variation - cortical pyramidal vs cerebellar purkinje cells

A

Cortical pyramidal cells
- most popular excitatory neurons
- dendrite and axon ratio pretty similar
- one major dendrite branch

Cerebellar Purkinje cells
- in cerebellum
- tons of dendrites

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16
Q

Cortical pyramidal vs stellate cells

A

Cortical pyramidal cells
- look like a tadpole
- one main dendrite

Cortical stellate cells
- look like an explosion
- many dendrites

17
Q

Glial cell types (3)

function + appearance

A

Astrocytes
- maintain ionic environment
- many dendrites spreading far
KEEP UP

Oligodendrocytes
- myelinate neurons
- less dendrites spreading a medium amount
SPEED UP

Microglia
- scavenge cellular debris
- many dendrites not spreading far
CLEAN UP

18
Q

Nissl stains - procedure

A
  • slice coronal (vertical) slice
  • tissue fixed using paraffin using paraffin
  • stain ER with cresyl violet to reveal cell bodies
19
Q

Nissl stains - result

A
  • only stains cell bodies
20
Q

Golgi stain

A

1870s-1880s
- stains entire neurons but only some of them
- uses silver

21
Q

Brodmann’s areas

+ examples

A
  • used Nissl stain found different area areas of the cerebral cortex with distinct cytoarchitectural appearances
  • 52 areas differ based on appearances

ex.
3, 1, 2 = primary somatosensory
4 = primary motor cortex
17 = primary visual cortex
41, 42 = primary auditory cortex

22
Q

Why is the resting potential negative

A

Potassium electrochemical equilibrium

3 Na+ are pumped out of the cell for every 2 K+ that enter

23
Q

Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)

A
  • aqueous saline solution
  • contains Na, K, CL and other ions
  • lipid bilayer (neuronal membrane) impermeable to the movement of ions
24
Q

Transport through the neuronal membrane

A

Active ion transporters
- actively move selected ions against the concentration gradient
- create ion concentration gradients
(active transport pumps)

Ion channels
- move selected ions with the concentration gradient
- selectively permeable to certain ions
(leak channels)

25
Q

Electrochemical equilibrium

A
  • K concentration greater inside than outside neuron
    due to sodium potassium pump
  • neuron primarily permeable to K due to leak channels
  • electrochemical equilibrium when K leaves and returns at the same rate
26
Q

Equilibrium potential

A
  • net flow of an ion is zero

Depends on:
1. Diffusion
K diffuses down its concentration gradient

  1. Electrostatic force
    As K diffuses out, the inside becomes progressively more negative
    Makes K attracted to the inside again (opposites attract)
27
Q

The Nernst Equation

A

Ex = (58/z)log([X]out/[X]in)

28
Q

General position terms

A
  • rostral (front)
  • caudal (behind)
  • dorsal (back)
  • ventral (stomach)

midline = line separating left and right

ipsilateral = same side
contralateral = opposite side

decussate = cross midline

proximal = close to point of reference
distal = far from point of reference

efferent = projecting away from reference
afferent = projecting towards reference

medial = near midline
lateral = far from midline

29
Q

Planes of the brain

A

horizontal
= x-axis

sagittal
= a plane with the midline

coronal (frontal)
= perpendicular to sagittal

30
Q

Neuroscience rules

A
  • symmetry
  • localization of function
  • contralaterality
  • topography
31
Q

Symmetry

A

brain is bilaterally symmetric across the midline

so coronal sections you can’t tell if they’re from the top or bottom

32
Q

Localization of function

A
  • four lobes
  1. frontal lobe (cognition + language + movement)
  2. parietal lobe (touch + vision)
  3. occipital lobe (vision)
  4. temporal lobe (language + hearing + vision)

central sulcus
= between frontal and parietal

lateral / sylvian fissure
= between frontal and parietal

33
Q

Contralaterality

A

opposite sides control each other

to move right hand activate the left side

to move left hand activate the right side

34
Q

Topography

A

neighbouring neurons control neighbouring parts of the body

ex. motor homunculus, somatosensory homunculus which are coronal

35
Q

Neuron growth rate

A

Pt = Po(1+R)^t

36
Q

Why does it make sense that the valence, z, is in the denominator of the Nernst equation?

A
  • all ions have the same concentration gradient
  • same tendency to diffuse and same attraction to keep them from leaving

Coulombs law
- to create the same force of attraction, the inside of X++ needs to be just half as negative as that of X+

F = (qin)(qion)/r^2

qx++ = 2qx+

PNB 2XB3 (Neuroanatomy) (5 decks)

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