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VETM 343 > Lecture 1: Anatomy and Phys of Immune Systems > Flashcards

Lecture 1: Anatomy and Phys of Immune Systems Flashcards

1
Q

all cells of the immune system come from one type of cell which is called_____

A

hematopoietic stem cells

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2
Q

hematopoiesis is….

A

the process which cells differentiate from a common hematopoietic stem cell

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3
Q

where does hematopoiesis occur?

A

the bone marrow in adults, liver in fetus

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4
Q

what cells fall under the myeloid progenitor cell family?

A

neutrophils, basophils, eosinophils, monocytes, mast cells

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5
Q

what cells fall under the lymphoid progenitor cell family?

A

B and T cells, and Natural killer cells

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6
Q

what cells fall under the erythroid progenitor cell family?

A

erythrocytes and platelets

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7
Q

the progenitor cells are located in the _____ and then travel to the _____ to differentiate further.

A

bone marrow, peripheral tissue

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8
Q

how do we get so many different kinds of cells from one stem cell? Where does this differentiation happen?

A

different mixes of growth factors and cytokines will cause the differentiation of different types of cells. this mix of things occurs in the bone marrow

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9
Q

what molecule family induces myeloid lineage?

A

colony stimulating factors, CSFs

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10
Q

_______ cells support hematopoietic cell growth and differentiation. what are some examples?

A

stromal

examples: fibroblasts, adipocytes, endotheial cells, macrophages

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11
Q

for neutrophils, describe the:

  • classification
  • lineage
  • nucleus appearance
  • lifespan
  • function
  • mechanism of action
A
  • classification: granulocyte
  • lineage: myeloid
  • nucleus appearance: multilobed
  • lifespan: 48-72 hours, short
  • function: antimicrobial in acute bacteria infection
  • mechanism of action: phagocytosis and degranulation of antimicrobial peptides and toxic metabolites, NET formation (extracellular traps for bacteria)
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12
Q

for Eosinophils, describe the:

classification:

lineage:

appearance:

lifespan:

function:

mechanism of action:

A

classification: granulocyte
lineage: myeloid
appearance: bi-lobed, granules, red
lifespan: days to weeks
function: antiparasitic effectors, especially helminth infection

mechanism of action: powerful degranulation, limited phagocytosis

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13
Q

once eosinophils are activated, they release what?

A

preformed and stored toxic molecules, such as:

major basic protein (MBP)

eosinophilic cationic protein

eosinophil derived neurotoxin

these cause severe tissue damage and alter the skin/membrane of a nematode

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14
Q

for basophils, describe the:

classification:

lineage:

appearance:

lifespan:

function:

mechanism of action:

A

classification: granulocyte
lineage: myeloid
appearance: bi-lobed, blue-purple cytoplasm
lifespan: days
function: mediator of inflammation

mechanism of action: degranulation, synthesis and release of inflammatory mediators

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15
Q

for monocytes, describe the

classification:

lineage:

appearance:

lifespan:

function:

mechanism of action:

A

classification: mononuclear phagocyte
lineage: myeloid
appearance: large indented nucleus, pale blue-grey cytoplasm
lifespan: days
function: precursors to macrophages and dendritic cells

mechanism of action: antimicrobial function in the blood, still undifferentiated

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16
Q

for macrophages, describe the

classification:

lineage:

appearance:

lifespan:

function:

mechanism of action:

A

classification: mononuclear phagocytic cell
lineage: myeloid
appearance: rounded nucleus, clear cytoplasm, irregular cell shape
lifespan: months
function: phagocytosis, antimicrobial activity, some antigen presentation, tissue remodelling

mechanism of action: detection of threat, release inflammatory mediators, phagocytosis, endocytosis

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17
Q

macrophages release ______ after activation

A

cytokines and chemokines which promote inflammation

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18
Q

for dendritic cells, describe the

classification:

lineage:

appearance:

lifespan:

function:

mechanism of action:

A

classification: sentinel cell/anigen presenting cell
lineage: myeloid
appearance: round nucleus, clear cytoplasm, branched projections
lifespan: months
function: antigen presentation

mechanism of action: release of inflammatory mediators and endocytosis

19
Q

after capturing an antigen by phagocytosis, a dendritic cell migrates to the ____ where they____

A

lymphoid organs, present the antigen to the T cells

20
Q

what is the difference between interstitial dendritic cells and interdigitating dendritic cells?

A

interstitial dendritic cells are in organs, and interdigitating dendritic cells are in secondary lymphoid tissue and thymus

21
Q

for mast cells, describe the

classification:

lineage:

location in health:

appearance:

lifespan:

function:

mechanism of action:

A

classification: NA
lineage: myeloid

location in health: connective tissue and lamina propria of the mucousa

appearance: round nucleus, cytoplasm packed with granules
lifespan: weeks to months
function: mediator of inflammation and allergy

mechanism of action: release of inflammatory mediators via degranulation or synthesis of lipid mediators and cytokines

22
Q

in healthy status, mast cells do what?

A

they act as sentinels with granules so they cant act fast if needed

23
Q

for natural killer cells, descibre

classification:

lineage:

appearance:

location in health:

lifespan:

function:

mechanism of action:

A

classification: lymphocyte
lineage: lymphoid
appearance: round nucelus

location in health: blood, spleen

lifespan: weeks to months
function: destruction of virally infected of abnormal host cells

mechanism of action: release of cytotoxic granules

24
Q

natural killer cells are known as ______ because _____

A

null lymphocytes

they have neither B or T markers

25
Q

natrual killer cells wil kill what kinds of cells?

they also monitor the expression of ____

A

tumour cells or virally infected cells

MHC complex, cells with low or altered MHC will be killed (apoptosis induced or release of enzymes that punch holes in the cell membrane)

26
Q

where do natural killer cells mature?

A

secondary lymphoid tissue

27
Q

lymphocytes originate in the ____ and then differentiate into ____ or ____

A

bone marrow

B cells

T cells

28
Q

T lymphocytes reside in the____, and membrane T cell receptors are ____

A

paracortex of lymph node

unique to each cell, only recognize 1 antigen

29
Q

activated T cells differentiate into _____.

A

specialized effecor cells, like helper T cells, cytotoxic t cells, regulatory t cells, and memory t cells

30
Q

what is th function of the following cells:

helper t cells:

cytotoxic t cells

regulatory t cells

memory t cells

A

helper t cells: activate B cells and macrophages

cytotoxic t cells: kill virus-infected cell and cancer cells, like NKCs but more powerful?

regulatory t cells: diminish activation and imflammation

memory t cells: keep antigen presentation for years so recognition is faster the second time

31
Q

B cells reside in ____

they interact with ______ to become activated

activated B cells mature into____

A

follicles in cortex of lymph node, white pulp of spleen

antigen T cells

plasma cells (produce antibodies), and memory B cells

32
Q

plasma cells produce _____ and reside in ___. they are key players in the ____ immune system

A

antibodies

tissues or lymphoid organs

adaptive

33
Q

primary lymphoid organ examples:

this is where lymphocytes ____

secondary lymphoid organ examples:

this is where ____

A

thymus, bone marrow, bursa of fabricus (birds)

develop and mature

lymph nodes, spleen, mucosa associated lymphoid tissue (MALT)

antigens are trapped and mature lymphocytes interact

34
Q

the bone marrow is the major site of

A

hematopoiesis

35
Q

B cells mature where?

A

bone marrow, some in peyers patches, in birds in the bursa of fabricus

36
Q

T cells develop in the ____ but then migrate to the ____ to mature

A

bone marrow, thymus

37
Q

B cells are found in the ____, T cells in the ____, and macrophages/dendritic cells in the ____ of lymph nodes and spleen

A

cortec

paracortex

medulla

38
Q

antigens enter lymph nodes via ______

naive lymphocytes enter the lymph node via____

A

afferent lymphoid vessels

high endothelial venules

39
Q

CD4+ T cells turn into___

CD8+ T cells turn into___

A

helper T cells (assist B cell differentiation)

killer T cells (destroy virally infected cells)

40
Q

what is the main function of the spleen?

A

filters blood and traps blood borne pathogens (think systemic infection)

41
Q

the red pulp of the spleen is where___

the white pulp is where___

A

red blood cells are destroyed and recycles (RBCs are here and macripjages)

it is a compartment for white blood cells, lymphocytes

42
Q

the mucusa associated lympohi tissue is associated with

A

tonsils, intestine (GALT), and branchial associated BALT

43
Q

what is GALT?

A

gut associated lymphoid tissue, Peyer’s patch, usually near the ileum

VETM 343 (3 decks)

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