Lecture 1 Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
1
Q

Avian characteristics

A
  • reflect flight requirements (but not all birds fly, and bats do)
  • Feathers
  • Skeleton-reduction and fusion (vertebral column, forelimbs, pectoral and pelvic girdle); pneumatic bones, fusion and elimination of bones, pneumatization of bones (but dneser), more genes associated with ossification than in mammals
  • Furcula-fused clavicle
  • Vertebral column- most posterior vertebrae fused together, pelvis expanded
  • Ribs-
  • Keeled sternum-not all
  • Pygostyle-fused caudal vertebrae
  • Wings-fusion and reduction
  • Hindlimbs-Tibiotarsus and tarsus-metatarsus
  • Skull-no teeth
  • Large braincase (large eye sockets), brain structure- seat of learning
  • Respiration-lungs and air sacs, 4 chm heart, oviparous
  • Eggs-endothermy-no live births
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Shared avian and reptilian characteristics

A
  • All are Diapsid-Sauropsid
  • Single middle ear bone=columella
  • Multiple bones in lower jaw
  • Articulate/quadrate joint
  • Single occipital condyle (mammals have 2)
  • Large yolked egg
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Phylogenetic position

A
  • Chordata-dorsal hollow nerve cord, notochord, postanal tail, pharyngeal gill slits
  • Vertebrata/Craniata- vertebrae (or arcualia), canium + tripartite brain most closely related to eurchordata, plus genetic and developmental features.
  • Amniotic Vertebrate-extraembryonic membranes, yolk, amniotic cavity, aminion, allantois, chorion, shell
  • Diapsud (two temporal openings)- Sauropsid (lung structure)
  • Archosauria- antorbital fenestra=hole in front of eyes
  • Common ancestor with Archosaurs
  • Theodont or theropod?-long rancorous debate
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Thomas H. Huxley

A

1860’s recognized similarities between Archaopteryx and theropod dinosaurs. Campsognathus- proposed theropod common ancestor-too little evidence

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Gerhard Heilman

A

1926- “The origin of Birds”-discounted similarities as convergence

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

John Ostrom

A

1964-Too many similarities for convergence (wrist half moon shape, claw on hind foot)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Allan Feduccia/Larry Martin

A

1980s-present: advocate theodont

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Current

A

Birds included in dinosaur clade

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What features determine that birds share a common ancestor with Dinosaurs

A

a. Dinosauria-hole in hip; bipedial
b. Dinosauria-Saurischian- pelvis with three radiating bones

(New phylogeny proposed)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Chordata

A

pharyngeal gill slits, post-anal tail, dorsal hollow nerve cord, notochord

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Vertebrata/Craniata

A
  • vertebrae (or arcualia), cranium/tripartite brain, closely related to euchordata, genetic and developmental features
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Amniotic vertebrate

A

-extraembryonic membrane, yolk, amniotic cavity, amnion, allantois, chorion, shell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Diapsid

A

-two temporal openings

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Sauropsid

A

-Lung structurea

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Archosauria vertebrates

A
  • anteorbital fenestra- hole in front of eye
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly