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Mol / Cel Biology > Lecture 1 > Flashcards

Lecture 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

What separates eukaryotic cell from prokaryotic cells?

A

Eukaryotic cells have a nucleus and membrane enclosed organelles. Prokaryotic doesn’t have those.

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2
Q

What all cells have in common?

A

They have genetic material, cytoplasm and cell membrane

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3
Q

What is special about viruses, vioids and prions?

A

They cannot reproduce on it’s own. They must infect host-cell to reproduce.

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4
Q

What are viruses and virions and what they consists of?

A

Small infectious particles without cell structure.

Nucleic acid molecules either DNA or RNA

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5
Q

What are prions and what they infect?

A

Infectious protein particles without nucleic acid.

Infect cells in the nervous system

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6
Q

Storage of information in prokaryotic cells?

A

Nucleoid: DNA and RNA molecules with nucleoproteins, membrane free.

DNA: circular, not attached with histones

Plasmids

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7
Q

Genetic information in prokaryotic cells? Copies?

A

Only one copy, haploid organism

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8
Q

Nuclear DNA in eukaryotic cell? genomes?

A

Linear or double-stranded.

Diploid genome in somatic cells, haploid genome in germ cells

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9
Q

Mitochondrial DNA in eukaryotic cell? genomes?

A

Circular and double-stranded.

Copies of mtDNA varies and depends on cell function

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10
Q

Something about somatic cells?

A

Takes part in formation of the body.
Not involved in reproduction.
Contains two copies of genetic information (diploid)

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11
Q

Something about germ cells?

A

Sexual reproductive cell at any stage.

Contains one copy of genetic information (haploid)

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12
Q

What are nucleic acids made of?

A

Made up of monomers called nucleotides

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13
Q

Three components of nucleic acid?

A
  • 5 carbon sugar
  • phosphate functional group
  • nitrogenous base
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14
Q

DNA vs RNA 5 carbon sugar?

A

Deoxyribose vs ribose

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15
Q

DNA vs RNA nitrogenous base?

A

Thymine vs uracil

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16
Q

What is ATP, modified nucleotide?

A

Energy processor in cells.
Serves as a temporary energy battery.
When energy is needed the last phosphate group is removed

17
Q

How is sugar-phosphate backbone formed?

A

By dehydration synthesis

or polymerization reactions, between the sugar of one nucleotide and the phosphate group of one nucleotide

18
Q

How are the two strands of nucleic acid hold together?

A

By forming a hydrogen bonds, G with C and A with T or U

19
Q

How does the double-helix shape formed?

A

They are antiparallel, one strand goes to 5-3 direction, and other to 3-5

20
Q

Important biological functions of nucleic acids? Many! Start with DNA

A

DNA: storage of information

RNA: realization of information

mRNA

tRNA

rRNA:

Regulatory RNA

21
Q

Regulatory RNA?

A

Noncoding RNA molecules, does not transfer to proteins. Role in epigenetic regulation

22
Q

tRNA?

A

transfer RNA, binds activated amino acid and deliver it to the ribosomes for protein synthesis

23
Q

rRNA?

A

ribosomal RNA, catalyse formation of peptide bounds and controls precise binding of mRNA

24
Q

mRNA?

A

messenger RNA, synthesized during transcription, delivers copied information to cytoplasm

25
Q

In DNA replication, how does the process start?

A

By separating the two strands. An enzyme called helicase does this. This is how the replication fork is made.

26
Q

How does the DNA replication continues after the separation of two strands?

A

An enzyme called primase starts the process by making RNA bases which is called a primer

27
Q

After the initiation of primer, what happens in DNA replication?

A

An enzyme called DNA polymerase binds to the primer and makes the new strand of DNA by making DNA bases in 5-3 direction

28
Q

The strand which can be made continuously is called?

A

The leading strand

29
Q

How is the lagging strand build by?

A

DNA polymerase adds small chunks of DNA bases one by one = okizaki fragments

30
Q

What happens after the new strand of DNA is made in DNA replication?

A

The enzyme exonuclease removes the RNA primers, then another DNA polymerase fills the gaps with DNA

31
Q

What does the enzyme ligase do?

A

Seals up the fragments of DNA in both strands by forming a continuous double strands

32
Q

What is special about viroids?

A

Only RNA, infect plants.

Mol / Cel Biology (17 decks)

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