Collo2 variants Flashcards
1
Q
Somatic mosaicism most often is caused by mistake in (only one correct answer):
a) Postzygotic mitotic cell division
b) Gametogenesis
c) Meiotic division I or meiotic division II
d) In meiotic division of zygote
A
a) Postzygotic mitotic cell division
2
Q
Fill in the blanks:
Errors in mitotic cell division after fertilization can lead to the formation of genetically distinct cell lines
called a) ______________. There exist different types of a) – b) ______________. If error in cell division
occurs in meiosis, all offspring cells will have numerical chromosomal changes called d) ________________.
A
a) Mosaicism
b) Mosaicism, somatic & germline
d) aneuploidy
3
Q
The cell cycle checkpoints are involved in control of genome integrity and fidelity of DNA replication. TRUE/
FALSE
A
TRUE
4
Q
Meiosis I and Mitosis are similar. TRUE/ FALSE
A
FALSE
5
Q
Cell cycle checkpoints are not able to stop cell cycle progression. TRUE/ FALSE
A
FALSE
6
Q
Division of mitochondria during cytokinesis is highly regulated. TRUE/ FALSE
A
FALSE
7
Q
The typical cell cycle of plant cell is binary fission. TRUE/ FALSE
A
FALSE
8
Q
Endocrine signaling secrete signals from one cell to (only one correct answer):
a) The same cell itself
b) A nearby cell
c) A distant cell
d) The cell connected through gap junction
A
c)
9
Q
Gel electrophoresis is a method in molecular biology (only one correct answer):
a) To analyze karyotype
b) To amplify target region of DNA
c) To observe osmosis
d) To visualize DNA
A
d)
10
Q
Which transport mechanism is shown in the picture? (only one correct answer):
a) Primary active transport
b) Facilitated diffusion
c) Cotransport
d) Passive transport
A
b)
11
Q
Which of mentioned is not a type of endocytosis? (only one correct answer)
a) Secretion of insulin
b) Phagocytosis
c) Receptor mediated endocytosis
d) Pinocytosis
A
a)
12
Q
Which of mentioned is not a product of biotechnology process? (only one correct answer)
a) Enzymes
b) Tissue
c) Antibiotics
d) Vaccines
A
b)
13
Q
Which type of “omics” will analyze gene expression level? (only one correct answer)
a) Genomics
b) Transcriptomics
c) Metabolomics
d) Proteomics
A
b)
14
Q
Intracellular receptors bind (only one correct answer):
a) Amino acids
b) Hydrophobic messengers
c) Hydrophilic messengers
d) Nucleus
A
b)
15
Q
Reverse transcription PCR (RT- PCR) is applied to (only one correct answer):
a) Isolate mRNA
b) Detect and quantify mRNA
c) Analyse karyotype
d) Analyse whole genome
A
b)
16
Q
Find the incorrect statement about function of small molecules (only one correct answer):
a) Signaling function
b) Functions as precursors for synthesis of macromolecules
c) Function as receptors for ligand binding
d) Store and distribute the energy for all cellular processes
A
c)
17
Q
Which modification of mRNA is important in RT- PCR? (only one correct answer)
a) 5´cap
b) Splicing
c) Alternative splicing
d) Poly- A tail
A
b)
18
Q
G- Protein is … (only one correct answer):
a) Transmembrane protein
b) Two monomer protein which dimerize when bound with ligand
c) Seven transmembrane alpha helices
d) Guanine. Nucleotide binding protein
A
c)
19
Q
Which transport type involves formation of secretory and transport vesicles? (only one correct answer)
a) Exocytosis
b) Pinocytosis
c) Phagocytosis
d) Receptor mediated endocytosis
A
a)
20
Q
Sanger sequencing is used for (only one correct answer):
a) Direct analysis of DNA sequence
b) Karyotype analysis
c) Amplification of DNA
d) Qualification of DNA
A
a)
21
Q
Which molecule out of these is not a second messenger? (only one correct answer)
a) Inositol triphosphate (IP3)
b) Calcium ions
c) Ion channel protein
d) Diacylglycerol (DAG)
A
c)
22
Q
Which cell structure is directly involved in endocytosis? (only one correct answer)
a) Nucleus
b) Channel proteins
c) Plasma membrane
d) Endoplasmic reticulum
A
c)
23
Q
- Ion channels are example of secondary active transport. TRUE/ FALSE
A
TRUE
24
Q
Receptors can also have tyrosine kinase activity. TRUE/ FALSE
A
TRUE
25
Compare extracellular and intracellular receptors by 3 main differences
Intracellular receptors are located in the cytoplasm of the cell and are activated by hydrophobic ligand molecules that can pass through the plasma membrane.
Extracellular receptors bind to an external ligand molecule and convert an extracellular signal into an intracellular signal.
Intracellular: Steroid hormones, Vitamin D
Extracellular: Epinephrine, Growth factors, neurotransmitters.
26
Name three organelles of the cell which are involved in small molecule or macromolecule transport. Explain
the function of each organelle in the molecular transport.
Proteins in the cell membrane.
Golgi apparatus.
Endoplasmic reticulum.
Vesicles.
27
```
Choose all statements which are related to passive transport
a) Against the concentration gradient
b) Energy is not required
c) Spontaneous molecule transport
d) Transmembrane proteins
e) Uniport
f) Na+
/ K+
ion pump
g) ATP hydrolysis
```
b)
c)
d)
e)
28
Which molecule in the picture denoted by A- C will be involved in endocrine signaling (answer 1); based on
signal transduction, how would you call the ligand producing cell (answer 2); which type of macromolecule
transport is involved in ligand transport in this cell (answer 3)?
-
29
Put these events of the signaling process in the correct order:
a) Amplification of signal by second messengers
b) Activation of protein (effector molecule)
c) Synthesis and release of growth factor
d) Cellular response to stimulus
e) Autophosphorylation of tyrosine tail
f) Ligand binding to receptor
```
c)
f)
d)
e)
d)
a)
```
30
```
Binding of the receptor. Name three types of small molecule transport ensured by specific plasma
membrane proteins:
a) _______________
b) _______________
c) _______________
```
Passive,- and facilitated diffusion, active transport.
31
Name 3 Functions of smooth endoplasmic reticulum:
a) _______________
b) _______________
c) _______________
Lipid synthesis
Steroid hormone production
Detoxification
Carbohydrate metabolism
32
In the target therapy for cancer treatment two main molecule classes are involved: a) _______________,
targeting cell surface receptors and b) _________________, which target proteins inside a cell. The main
goal of target cancer treatment is to initiate c) _________________ (process) of cancer cell.
a) monoclonal antibodies
b) small molecules
c) apoptosis
33
Restriction enzymes are used in sanger sequencing for recognition of DNA sequence. TRUE/ FALSE
FALSE
34
Ligand- gated ion channel pathway leads to a change in membrane potential. TRUE/ FALSE
TRUE
35
Mammalian cell lines are used in medical biotechnology. TRUE/ FALSE
TRUE
36
# Choose from the list all secondary messengers of signal transduction:
a) DNA
b) Ca2+
c) GTP
d) cAMP
e) ATP
f) IP3
g) Acetylcholine
h) Epinephrine
b)
d)
f)
37
Water molecule transport through semi- permeable plasma membrane is called a) ______________. What
tonicity for human cells has 0,9% NaCl b) ____________? What tonicity for plant cells has 0,9% NaCl c)
___________?
a) aquaporin
b) isotonic
c) hypetonic
38
# Choose from the list all statements concerning macromolecule transport:
a) Endocytosis
b) Osmosis
c) Plasmolysis
d) Pinocytosis
e) Aquaporins
f) Cholesterol up- take
g) Ion channels
a)
d)
f)
39
Correct folding of protein is mediated by (only one correct answer):
a) Aminoacyl- synthetase
b) Chaperons
c) Spliceosomes
d) Proteinase
b)
40
Name biological role of mitosis
a) ________________
b) ________________
c) ________________
d) ________________
Growth
Repair
Asexual reproduction
Replaicment
41
Eukaryotic post transcriptional modifications occur in (only one correct answer):
a) Cytoplasm
b) Nucleus
c) Ribosomes
d) ER
b)
42
Interphase of eukaryotic cell does not include (only one correct answer):
a) G1
b) S
c) G2
d) M
d)
43
What is true about Cyclins and CDK (only one correct answer):
a) Concentration of cyclins are stable through the cell cycle
b) CDK are activated by forming a complex with cyclins
c) Concentration of CDKs is inconsistent through the cell cycle
d) Cyclins are not involved in cell cycle regulation
b)
44
In cytokinesis (only one correct answer):
a) DNA replication takes place
b) Duplication of organelles
c) Division of cytoplasm and organelles
d) Division of the nucleus
c)
45
Homologous recombination take place in (only one correct answer):
a) Prophase I
b) Metaphase I
c) Prophase II
d) Metaphase II
a)
46
Which Protein is important for lining up sister chromatids in Metaphase chromosome (only one correct
answer) :
a) Kinetochore
b) Condensin
c) Histones
d) Cohesion
a)
47
Amyloid is:
a) Soluble protein
b) Protein aggregates
c) Amino acid
d) Disease
b)
48
There are two mechanism of DNA double stranded break repair: homologous a) _________________ repair
(HR) and non- homologous end b) ________________ (NHEJ). HR uses a homologous DNA c)
________________ and is highly accurate. NHEJ rejoins the broken ends without using a template and is
often accompanied by loss of some d) _______________.
a) recombination
b) joining
c) template
d) nucleotides
49
After first meiotic division two daughter cells with a) _______________ (set of chromosomes) are formed.
Each chromosome of daughter cell consists of two b) _________________. After second meiotic division c)
__________________ (how many) new cells are formed. The set of chromosomes in newly formed cells is d)
__________________.
a) haploid (n)
b) chromosomes
c) four
d) haploid (n)
50
Describe 3 differences between DNA replication process and PCR.
a)
b)
c)
a) When unwinding the DNA:
Helicase VS High temperature around 100-degrees.
b) synthesis of DNA when starting
Primase / primer VS 45-60 temperature and special primers
c) synthesis of DNA (elongation)
DNA polymerase VS High temperature and ions for polymerase activity
51
Based on picture below name:
a) Transport of mechanism for glucose
b) Transport mechanism for Na+ and K+ ions
c) Transport mechanism for glucose and Na+ ions
d) Which of mentioned transport mechanism require energy?
a) Facilitated diffusion
b) Primary active transport, ATPpumps
c) Symporter, secondary active transport
d) Primary active transport
52
```
Analyze the picture. Which is cis- and trans- face of Golgi apparatus (1 and 2 in the picture). Name the type
of transport (3 and 4 in the picture).
```
1) trans
2) cis
3) Regulated exocytosis
4) Constitutive exocytosis
53
Name the type of transport in the picture A-C.
a) Phagocytosis
b) Pinocytosis
c) Clathrin mediated endocytosis
54
Name the types of membrane proteins in the picture denoted by 1-3:
1) integral protein
2) cholesterol
3) Peripheral protein
55
Water can be transported into the cell by the help of osmosis and __________________ (one correct
answer) .
a) Pinocytosis
b) Aquaporins
c) Phagocytosis
d) Ion pump
b) aquaporins
56
Intracellular receptors bind (only one correct answer):
a) Amino acids
b) Steroid hormones
c) Hydrophilic messengers
d) Nucleus
b)
57
Which transport is shown in the picture (only one correct answer).
a) Symporter
b) Antiporter
c) Uniporter
d) Ion pump
a)
58
Which of mentioned is not produce in biotechnological process (only one correct answer).
a) Enzymes
b) Tissue
c) Antibiotics
d) Vaccines
b)
59
Autocrine signaling signals from one cell to (only one correct answer):
a) The same cell itself
b) A nearby cell
c) A distant cell
d) A connected cell through gap junction
a)
60
G- protein consists of (only one correct answer).
a) 3 subunits
b) 2 monomers that dimerize when bound to ligands
c) 7 transmembrane alpha helices
d) Ligand binding domain and DNA binding domain
a)
61
Sex cell precursors- PGC (Primordial germ cells) arise in
a) Corpus luteum (ovaries)
b) Gonads- embryonic testis/ ovaries
c) Yolk sac
d) Sac of amnium
c)
62
Medical biotechnology (only one correct answer).
a) Use living organisms or biological processes
b) Develops industrial products
c) Use only one type of living organism- e. coli
d) Applied only for scientific purpose
a)
63
Fill in the blanks:
Ion channels are a) ________________ (active or passive) type of small molecule transport. They transport
molecules b) _______________ (up or down) their concentration or electric potential gradients. Gated ion
channels are opening the gate in response to c) _______________.
a) active or passive
b) down
c) ligand, electrical or mechanical signal
64
```
You have a patient with a clinically suspected cystic fibrosis disease. The most common allelic variant world
wide is p.Phe508del. Patient was sent to molecular genetics laboratory to test for this allelic variant. The
result confirmed that the patient is heterozygous for this allelic variant. In order to confirm diagnosis, the
second allelic (unknown) variant needs to be confirmed. Which molecular biology methods would you chose
to find second allelic variant? Why is it important to confirm disease causing allelic variants?
```
RFLP to detect
65
Shortly describe intracellular receptor signal transduction. Describe molecular mechanism of disturbance in
intracellular receptor and how it can lead to human pathology.
IR is a receptor for example steroid hormones and vitamin D. If has three binding domains. The receptor-ligand binding complex binds a promoter region of the target genes. If some of the domain does not function properly, for instance, a DNA binding domain, the expression of a certain gene cannot be initiated and though can lead to a human pathology.
66
Describe all necessary steps in production of recombinant human insulin.
Extracting mRNA from eukaryotic cell, reverse transcription -> cDNA acquired from mRNA.
Then we take a bacterial cell, plasmid from it, extract the plasmid and cut it using a restriction enzyme.
After we ligate the plasmid with the target DNA.
Recombinant plasmid ''placed'' in bacterium.
Transformed bacteria are grown in a culture
Produced protein is collected and purified.
67
Analyze the picture.
a) Name the type of receptor
b) Name secondary messenger (one of mentioned)
c) Name expected cell respond to the stimuli
d) Name primary messenger molecule
a) Receptor tyrosine kinase
b ) IP3/DAG
c) Growth factors or insulin
d ) Epidermal growth factor (EGF)
68
Explain the changes of animal and plant cell, which is placed in hypertonic solution, explain why hypertonic
solutions are used to treat several inflammations.
They are given to patients with a buildup of fluid in their body issues (known as edema) to draw water away from the bloated tissues and back into the bloodstream
69
Compare hydrophilic and hydrophobic signaling molecules by 3 differences.
-
70
Name correctly structures of receptor denoted by numbers 1-4 in the picture.
1) Ligand
2) EGF binding site
3) Cytosolic tail
4) Tyrosine kinase
71
```
Restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) is applied in diagnostics of human pathology to (only one
correct answer)
a) Analyze unknown DNA sequence
b) Analyze karyotype
c) Analyze known allelic variants
d) Analyze quantitively gene expression
```
c)
72
In case of simple diffusion, direction of molecule movement is determined by (only one correct answer)
a) Size of molecule
b) Differences in concentration across membrane
c) Structure of plasma membrane
d) Presence of ATP molecule
b)
73
Polymerase chain reaction is used to (only one correct answer)
a) Analyze karyotype
b) Amplify target region of DNA
c) Observe osmosis
d) Detect proteins
b)
74
In Paracrine signaling, signals are released from secretory cell and targets (only one correct answer)
a) The same cell itself
b) A nearby cell
c) A distant cell
d) A connected cell through gap junction
b)
75
Which of mentioned is contact dependent signaling (only one correct answer)
a) Juxtacrine
b) Endocrine
c) Neuronal
d) Signaling across gap junctions
a)
76
```
The best resolution of 325 bp and 348 bp DNA fragment mixture you will receive is using (only one correct
answer)
a) 1,7% agarose gel
b) 0,5% agarose gel
c) 1% agarose gel
d) 2,5% agarose gel
```
d)
77
Primary messenger can greatly amplify the signal. TRUE/FALSE
TRUE
78
The plasma membrane is impermeable to small molecules. TRUE/ FALSE
FALSE
79
Recombinant human insulin is directly isolated from animal (pigs) pancreas. TRUE/ FALSE
FALSE
80
Pinocytosis is type of Exocytosis in which soluble materials are transported to the extracellular space. TRUE/
FALSE
FALSE
81
Restriction enzymes are DNA- cutting enzymes naturally found in bacteria. TRUE/ FALSE
TRUE
82
# Choose all possible therapy targets in cancer cells.
a) All membrane bounded organelles
b) Overexpressed receptors
c) Mitochondria
d) Nuclear DNA
e) Signal transduction molecules
f) Cytoplasm
g) Ion channels
b)
e)
g)
83
Name 3 functions of golgi apparatus:
a)
b)
c)
a) protein sorting and export
b) lysosome formation
c) Protein glycosylation
84
Receptors cannot be activated by (only one correct answer)
a) Bright light
b) High temperature
c) Water
d) Signaling molecules
a)
85
Which type of molecular transport is shown in the picture
a) Ion pump
b) Cotransport
c) Primary active transport
d) Facilitated diffusion
d)
86
Which type of macromolecule transport involves particle recognition?
a) Phagocytosis
b) Receptor mediated endocytosis
c) Pinocytosis
d) Exocytosis
b)
87
For males, the gametogenesis starts at 3rd month of embryonic life and continues till the end of life.
TRUE/FALSE
FALSE
88
Pinocytosis is type of endocytosis in which soluble materials are taken up from environment and
incorporated in vesicles for digestion. TRUE/ FALSE
TRUE
89
Hormone being synthesized in one part of the body but targeting a cell in another is an example of
autocrine signaling. TRUE/ FALSE
FALSE
90
Water molecules transport through semipermeable plasma membrane is called a) ________________.
Medium, where concentration of dissolved molecules is lower than in cells, is called b) ________________.
Medium, where concentration of dissolved molecules is higher than in cells, is called c) _________________.
Medium, where water transport in both direction is equalized is called d) ____________________.
a) Osmosis
b) Hypotonic
c) Hypertonic
d) Isotonic
91
Put these events of signaling process in correct order.
a) Amplification of signal by second messenger
b) Synthesis and release of ligand
c) Cellular response to the stimulus
d) Binding of receptor
b)
d)
c)
a)
92
Choose 4 correct statements about events during spermiogenesis.
a) Nucleus becomes more dense, it changes the shape from round to oval
b) Nucleus gets fragmented- to become more compact
c) The tail is created by help of actin filaments, which press the cytoplasm
d) Elongation of distal centriole and microtubules- the tail is created.
e) Cytoplasm is rearranged more to the head part, no cytoplasm is lost
f) Mitochondria fuse and form spiral around of the tail
g) Shedding the most of the cytoplasm
h) Centrosome migrate to the head part- before the nucleus- it is specialized organelle, that
contains specific enzymes
a)
d)
f)
g)
93
Fill in the blanks.
For example, cholesterol uptake in the cell occurs by a) _______________ endocytosis. For cell to uptake
low density lipoproteins (LDL) it requires specific b) ______________ on plasma membrane surface which
can recognize low density lipoproteins (LDL). After recognition and binding, c) _________________ (protein)
coated concave in plasma membrane is formed. Plasma membrane folds, creates vesicle, bud off and is
release to cytoplasm. In case of disturbance in LDL transport, patients have disturbance in cholesterol
uptake, which leads to d) ______________ level (high/low) of serum cholesterol.
a) receptor mediated
b) receptor
c) clathrin
d) high
94
Write the appropriate types of chemical signaling:
a) Autocrine
b) Juxtacrine
c) Paracrine
d) Endocrine
95
Re- activation of X- chromosome occurs (only one correct answer):
a) In oogenesis- in oocyte I
b) In spermatogenesis – in spermatocyte I
c) For both sexes in primordial germ cells (PGC)
d) Right after the fertilization in the zygote, if it is a girl
d)
96
Spermatids are (only one correct answer):
a) Small cells with tails, taking part in fertilization
b) Large cells with diploid chromosome number
c) Supporting cells of the germ cells, which produce sex hormones
d) Connected by cytoplasm bridges- syncytium
d)
97
Explain: what means “precision medicine” and in which case it is possible to apply as a therapy to
human pathology.
Refers to tailoring of medical treatment to the
individual characteristics of each patient.
Classifying individuals into subpopulations that differ in
their susceptibility to a particular disease or their response to a specific treatment.
For example we can correct a not properly folding protein with a corrector. or we can reopen a channel with potentiator.
98
Name three organelles of the cell which are involved in small molecule or macromolecule, explain
the function of each organelle in the molecular transport.
Integral protein. Channel protein or carrier protein.
| Plasma membrane, vessicles, clathrin.
99
Shortly describe essential principles of active transport. Describe molecular mechanism of defect in
Cl- ion channel and how it can lead to human pathology.
Form of a transport which uses energy to transport a certain molecule against its concentration gradient. Energy can be provided for example from ATP.
Well in this case the Cl- ions cannot pass through the phospholipi bilayer because there is no activation of ATP that triggers the transport.
100
Name 3 effects caused by an allelic variant in a gene coding for a transmembrane ion channel.
a)
b)
c)
-
101
Describe the pathogenic mechanism of cystic fibrosis
Cystic fibrosis is an autosomal recessive disease caused by DEFECTS in the CFTR gene, which ENCODES for a protein that functions as a chloride channel, and also regulates the flow of other ions across the apical surface of epithelial cells.
102
Name similarities and differences between simple and facilitated diffusion
In simple diffusion the transported small molecule is hydrophobic so it can pass through the phospholipid bilayer without external help. It dissolves on the way down its concentration gradient.
However, in facilitated diffusion, which still is down its CC we need a integral protein called carrier protein to carry the small molecule inside the cell.
Examples of simple diffusion molecules: gasses, steriod hormones.
Faciliated diffusion: ions, water, glucose.
103
Compare ion channels against carrier proteins
Carrier proteins: no energy needed, down its CC
| Ion channels: Gated (responses to a specific stimulus) or non-gated. Up its CC. Energy can be provided.
104
Describe receptor mediated endocytosis
It is a form of endocytosis that is made for a specific uptake and it is somehow specific and regulated.
Phagocytosis or Clatrin mediated endocytosis.
Phagocytosis: uptake of large particles, particle binds to a receptor on a surface which triggers the extension of pseudopodia. Fusion of pseudopodia forms phagosome. -> Phagolysosomes.
Clathrin: Same but with area of protein called clathrin. Again binds to a specific receptor.
105
Why are medications dissolved in physiological solutions?
Solubility is one of the important parameters to achieve desired concentration of drug in systemic circulation for achieving required pharmacological response.
These poorly water soluble drugs having slow drug absorption leads to inadequate and variable bioavailability and gastrointestinal mucosal toxicity
106
What is the difference between a primary and secondary messenger?
The ligand is the primary messenger. Without it, there cant be a signal in the first place. As the result of binding the receptor, other molecules or second messengers are produced within the target cell. Second messengers relay the signal from one location to another (such as from plasma membrane to nucleus)
107
Cell membranes (more than one answer):
a) Are formed of a single layer of fatty molecules
b) Contain lipid molecules that have both a fatty part and water-soluble part
c) Are mad of RNA
d) May be associated with proteins or cell wall structure adding strength and stability to outer
surface of the cell
b)
| d)
108
List at least three functions of cell membranes
a)
b)
c)
a) Transport of solutes
b) Respose to external stimuli
c) Prevents unrestricted movement
109
In most biological membranes __________________ molecules make up the two layers of the
bilayer membrane, in which _________________ are embedded (more than one answer):
a) Oligosaccharides
b) Phospholipids
c) Galactolipids
d) Cholesterol
e) Proteins
b)
| e)
110
```
The transmembrane domains of most integral membrane proteins have _____________ secondary
structure (only one correct answer):
a) Extrinsic
b) Beta sheet
c) Alpha helix
d) Glycocalyx
```
a)
111
Abundant in the plasma membrane of mammalian cells, _____________________ is an amphiphatic
lipid that contains four hydrocarbon rings.
a) Phosphatidylcholine
b) Cholesterol
c) Gycophorin
d) Glycoshingosine
b)
112
Membrane proteins that do not interact with the hydrophobic portion of the membrane are called
________________ or ____________________ proteins (more than one answer).
a) Integral
b) Peripheral
c) Extrinsic
d) Lysosomal
e) Intrinsic
b)
| c)
113
Common chemical features of all membrane lipids include (more than one answer):
a) A polar portion
b) A glycerol backbone
c) Sugar constituents
d) A hydrophobic domain
e) A phosphate group
a)
b)
d)
114
Integral membrane proteins… (more than one answer):
a) Are embedded in the phospholipid bilayer or are covalently attached to a lipid segment that is
embedded in the bilayer
b) Usually can be removed from the membrane by solutions of high ionic strength or chemicals that
bind divalent cations
c) Usually are soluble in the absence of detergents
d) Can be glycoproteins
e) Are amphipathic molecules
a)
| d)
115
Lipid anchored membrane proteins (more than one answer):
a) Are considered to be peripheral membrane proteins
b) Are found on both faces of the plasma membrane
c) Are sometimes covalently attached to glycosylated phospholipids
d) Include transforming proteins such as v-Src, which is anchored by an amide linkage to myristic
acid
e) Include farnesylated proteins
a)
b)
c)
116
Many transfomed cells release growth factors that subsequently stimulate the same cells from which
they are released. This type of signal pathway is termed (only one correct answer):
a) Autocrine
b) Endocrine
c) Exocrine
d) Paracrine
e) Mesocrine
a)
117
The most of phospholipid biosynthesis occurs in themselves (only one correct answer):
a) Cytoplasm
b) Golgi apparatus
c) ER
d) Nucleus
c)
118
```
All newly synthesized phospholipids are located on the ______________ side of the ER (only one
correct answer):
a) Cytoplasmic
b) Hydrophilic
c) Luminal
```
a)
119
The rough ER fraction isolated by centrifugation techniques contains (only one correct answer):
a) Bound ribosomes
b) Cytoplasmic
c) Golgi apparatus
a)
120
Which of the following statements are true (more than one answer)?
a) All organelles split via binary fission
b) Membranes grow by expansion of pre- existing membranes
c) ER grows by expansion of existing organelles
d) Plasma membranes are permeable to most proteins
e) The transport of proteins across membranes requires expenditure of energy
b)
121
```
Once a protein leaves the ER and reaches the golgi complex, which part of the complex does it enter
first (only one correct answer)?
a) Trans
b) CURL
c) Cis
d) Medial
e) Trans Golgi reticulum (TGR)
```
c)
122
Regulated secretion is often controlled by the intracellular concentration of (only one correct
answer) :
a) Sodium
b) Calcium
c) Manganese
d) Chloride
e) Zinc
b)
123
During protein maturation in most cells, the sequence of organelles through which proteins move, is
(only one correct answer):
a) ER, Golgi vesicles, trans golgi reticulum
b) Trans golgi reticulum, ER, Golgi vesicles
c) Golgi vesicles, trans Golgi reticulum, ER
d) Golgi vesicles, ER, trans Golgi reticulum
e) Not known yet
a)
124
Common modifications of proteins in the lumen of the ER include (more than one answer):
a) Glycosylation
b) Formation of disulfide bonds
c) Conformational folding and formation of quaternary structure
d) Proteolytic cleavage
e) Condensation
a)
c)
b)
125
Misfolded protein can (more than one answer):
a) Be secreted but not retained
b) Cause protein synthesis to stop
c) Be retained by the ER
d) Be digested by ER
e) Be digested by the trans Golgi complex
a)
| e)
126
The outer membrane of the nuclear envelope is directly continued with (only one correct answer):
a) The Golgi apparatus
b) Lysosomes
c) The ER
d) Receptosomes
e) Peroxide
c)
127
Transport vesicles (more than one answer):
a) Can have a clathrine coat
b) Contain assembly proteins
c) Can shuttle proteins from mitochondria to the ER
d) Can fuse with target organelles with the participation of SNARE
a)
| d)
128
Secretory proteins (more than one answer):
a) Are all present in one type of vesicle
b) Are often synthesized as a precursor and cleaved before release
c) May be continuously exocytosed
d) May require an acidic compartment for maturation
e) May aggregate within vesicles
b)
| e)
129
Targeting of enzymes to lysosomes involves which of the following steps (more than one answer)?
a) Dissociation of ligand from receptor
b) Binding to mannose-6-phosphate receptor
c) Decrease in pH
d) Fusion with late endosomes
e) Addition of phosphate to mannose
b)
| e)
130
```
The interaction of hormones with receptors on distant target cells is referred to as __________
signaling (only one correct answer):
a) Autocrine
b) Paracrine
c) Endocrine
```
c)
131
```
Neurotransmitter stimulation of adjacent neurons is referred to as __________ signaling (only one
correct answer)
a) Autocrine
b) Paracrine
c) Endocrine
```
b)
132
Diabetes can result from a deficiency in the release of the hormone ___________(only one correct
answer) :
a) Estrogen
b) Catecholamine
c) Serotonin
d) Insulin
d)
133
Receptor tyrosine kinases (more than one answer)
a) Are often autophosphorylated after addition of hormone
b) Have been identified as important modulators of cell growth
c) Are activated by an increase in intracellular Ca2+ levels
d) Are critical for normal development of some Drosophila visual cells
b)
| a)
134
Which of the following properties are characteristic of paracrine signaling? (only one correct answer)
a) Involves signaling and responding cells that are distant from each other
b) Can be mediated by peptide hormones
c) May involve hormones carried in the bloodstream
d) Is important in conduction of nerve impulses
e) Occurs when signaling cells respond to molecules that they themselves release
b)
135
The various molecules that function as a second messenger (more than one answer):
a) Have related structures
b) Bind to cell- surface receptors
c) Are involved in signal transduction pathways
d) Are usually rapidly degraded or recycled after release
e) Often activate enzymes known as kinases
c)
136
Main membrane proteins are (more than one answer):
a) Receptor proteins
b) Integral membrane proteins
c) Ligand molecules
d) Peripheral proteins
e) Lipid- anchored proteins
b)
d)
e)
137
Endocytosis includes (more than one answer):
a) Phagocytosis
b) Exocytosis
c) Receptor- mediated endocytosis
d) pinocytosis
a)
c)
d)
