Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Lower Extremity Anatomy II > Lecture 1 > Flashcards

Lecture 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Foot progression angle

A
  • Evaluates limb position during gait

- Angular difference between foot axis (line through heel and 2nd metatarsal) and progression of gait

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Interaction of neuromuscular and skeletal systems during gait

A
  • Dysfunction in either/both results in gait deviation
  • Can involve single or multiple segments and/or joints
  • Treatment ranges from conservative to surgical
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Gait analysis identifies

A
  • Gait deviation and causes of abnormalities

- Track neuromuscular disease progression, surgical/conservative treatment planning and postoperative outcomes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Potential surgical/conservative treatment planning and postoperative outcomes

A
  • Muscle weakness
  • Abnormal muscle tone and contracture
  • Abnormal joint motion and range
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Joints do not function in isolation

A
  • Movements are affected by movements and positions of other joints
  • Adaptation may occur at other joints
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Common causes of rotational abnormalities

A
  • 2⁰ to trauma
  • Congenital
  • Prior surgery
  • Metabolic and neurological conditions
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Rotational deformities may cause

A
  • In-toed gait (“pigeon-toed”)

- Out-toe gait

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

In-toeing gait (“pigeon-toed”)

A
  • Femoral anteversion
  • Internal tibial torsion
  • Metatarsus adductus
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Out-toeing gait

A
  • Femoral retroversion
  • External tibial torsion
  • Pes planovalgus
  • Tight hip external rotators
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Angular deformities (coronal/frontal plane)

A
  • Genu varum

- Genu valgum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Bowing deformities

A
  • Excessive curve of a bone with respect to proximal and distal ends
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

In-toeing and out-toeing gait indicates

A
  • Potential torsional deformity
  • Noticed in young children
  • Most resolve over time as a part of development
  • Compensations can develop that can mask abnormality
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Tibial/femoral rotation at birth

A
  • Tibia is more internally rotated

- Femoral head/neck is anteverted

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Angle of femoral torsion (angle of declination)

A
  • Angle between long axis of femur head/neck and coronal plane of condyles (bicondylar plane, transcondylar axis)
  • View from transverse plane
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Typical values of angle of femoral torsion/declination

A
  • ~40⁰ at birth, then decreases with age

- Normal range is between 8-15(20)⁰

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Anteversion

A
  • Increased angle of femoral torsion (> 15⁰)
  • Increased hip IR
  • Decreased hip ER
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Retroversion

A
  • Decreased angle of femoral torsion (<8⁰)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Femoral anteversion

A
  • Increased medial hip rotation/decreased lateral hip rotation
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Characteristics of femoral anteversion

A
  • Sits in W position (hips flexed, internally rotated)
  • Squinting patella: faces medially
  • “Eggbeater” running pattern
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Craig Test (trochanteric prominence angle test)

A
  • Determines the amount of anteversion (8-15⁰ is normal)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Performing the Craig Test

A
  • Patient prone, knee at 90⁰ flexion
  • Hip rotated medially & laterally while palpating the greater trochanter
  • Stop when greater trochanter is most prominent laterally (parallel to table)
  • Measure the hip angle using the long axis of the tibia
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Internal tibial torsion (“pigeon-toed”)

A
  • Normally internally rotated at birth, external rotates as one ages
  • Normal (depends on age): wide range of values
  • Evaluate transmalleolar axis or or thigh/foot angle
23
Q

Metatarsus adductus

A
  • Adduction of the forefoot in the transverse plane at the tarsometatarsal joint (Lisfranc’s)
  • “Bean-shaped” sole
24
Q

Foot borders in metatarsus adductus

A
  • Convex lateral border
  • Prominent tuberosity of 5th metatarsal
  • Concave medial border
  • Vertical skin crease at 1st metatarsocuneiform joint in more severe cases
25
Q

Blecks classification (metatarsus adductus)

A
  • Abnormal heel bisector line

- Should pass through 2nd/3rd web space

26
Q

Determination of treatment in metatarsus adductus

A
  • Flexible vs. rigid
  • The more flexible, the more conservative treatment
  • Most (85-90%) resolve on their own
27
Q

Metatarsus angle

A
  • Angle between longitudinal axis of 2nd met and longitudinal axis of tarsal
28
Q

Congenital MA foot deformity

A
  • Attributed to intrauterine position
  • Some evidence of family history
  • Can be seen with other foot deformities
29
Q

Treatment of MA depends on severity and age

A
  • Stretching
  • Corrective casting
  • Surgery
  • Tarsometatarsal Capsule Release
  • Osteotomy
30
Q

Uncorrected MA can result in other functional, anatomical problems

A
  • 5th metatarsal frx
  • Lateral foot pain
  • Hallux valgus
  • Development of skewfoot
31
Q

Dislocation

A
  • Displacement of bone from its natural position
  • 2 bones that form a joint are not congruent
  • Subluxation is partial dislocation
32
Q

Traumatic (acute)

posterior dislocation

A
  • Axial load on femur with a flexed, adducted internally rotated hip
33
Q

Traumatic (acute)

anterior dislocation

A
  • Occurs with hip abducted and externally rotated
  • Anterior superior (pubic)
  • Anterior inferior (obturator)
34
Q

Dislocation can be associated with

A
  • Acetabular wall and femoral head fracture

- Ligament disruption

35
Q

Non-traumatic (non-acute) dislocation

A
  • Repetitive microtrauma
  • Connective tissue disorders
  • Dysplasia of bony surfaces
36
Q

Joint capsule is stronger anteriorly due to

A
  • Ligament support
37
Q

Posterior dislocation (clinical)

A
  • Dashboard injury during MVA is a more common cause
  • 10-20% can have a sciatic nerve injury
  • Affected limb is shortened, adducted, internally rotated, flexed
38
Q

Anterior dislocation (clinical)

A
  • Hyperextension injury against an abducted leg

- Affected limb is abducted and externally rotated

39
Q

Anterior dislocation (imaging)

A
  • Femoral head is located medial or inferior to acetabulum
40
Q

Posterior dislocation (imaging)

A
  • Femoral head superimposes on acetabular roof

- Lesser trochanter less visible

41
Q

Developmental Dysplasia of the Hip (DDH)

A
  • Abnormality in the size, shape, orientation of the femoral head, acetabulum or both
  • Can cause congenital hip dislocation (or subluxation)
  • Left hip affected more than right, but can be bilateral
42
Q

Factors contributing to DDH

A
  • Intra-uterine position
  • Breech presentation
  • Left occiput anterior positions left limb against moms spine
  • More common in Female, Family history, Firstborn
43
Q

Evaluation of DDH

A
  • Asymmetric skinfolds
  • Unequal leg length/femoral shortening (Galeazzi sign/Allis sign)
  • Affected side lower than normal
  • Limited hip abduction
  • May see Trendelenburg gait
  • Ortolani and Barlo maneuvers
44
Q

Ortolani and Barlow maneuvers

A
  • Only useful up to 3rd month
  • Infant supine, hips flexed to 90⁰
  • Index and middle finger placed over greater trochanter
45
Q

Ortolani maneuver

A
  • Gently abduct hip while exerting upward force through trochanter
  • Palpable clunk is positive, dislocated hip is reduced
46
Q

Barlow maneuver

A
  • Infants hips are adducted and a gentle downward force is exerted
  • Attempting to produce dislocation
47
Q

Ultrasound vs. radiograph

A
  • Ultrasound can be used in infants under 6 months

- Radiographs are useful after 6 months

48
Q

Hilgenreiner line

A
  • Horizontal line through triradiate cartilages
49
Q

Perkin line

A
  • Line perpendicular to Hilgenreiner line

- Intersecting lateral most aspect of acetabular roof

50
Q

Shenton line

A
  • Curved line along inferior border of superior pubic ramus and along the inferomedial border of femur neck
51
Q

Acetabular index

A
  • Angle between Hilgenreiner line and line passing through triradiate cartilage and lateral acetabular margin
  • Can show acetabular dysplasia or overcoverage
52
Q

Femoral head should lie within

A
  • Inferomedial quadrant formed by Hilgenreiner and Perkin lines
  • Shenton line should be uninterrupted
53
Q

Acetabular index angel depends on

A
  • Age

Lower Extremity Anatomy II (9 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions