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EXS202 EXERCISE PHYSIOLOGY > LECTURE 1 > Flashcards

LECTURE 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 6 main forms of energy storage?

A 
chemical (food)
Mechanical (kinetic)
Thermal (body heat)
Electrical (firing neurons)
Radiant (light)
Atomic (nuclear fission)
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2
Q

What is energy regarding human movement?

A

it is based on an energy shift. Producing a given force over a given distance. Without energy, no work can be done (no muscle contraction)

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3
Q

Where does energy come from?

A

energy cannot be created. Every new form of energy is a transfer from another. (water moving through a turbine creates electrical energy)

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4
Q

How is energy measured in humans and where do we get it from?

A

Food. Measured as calories or Kcal.
Carbs = 4kcal
Protein = 4kcal
Fat = 9kcal

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5
Q

How efficient are humans at energy transfer? What happens to the rest of the energy?

A

only 25% at maximum.

Increase in temperature during exercise, this helps speed up reactions.

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6
Q

what do chemical reactions do?

A

absorb and release energy

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7
Q

What is needed for a chemical reaction to start?

A

Activation energy

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8
Q

What does ATP stand for?

A

Adenosine Triphosphate

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9
Q

What is ADP?

A

Adenosine Diphosphate

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10
Q

What does exothermic mean?

A 
Exo = to release
Thermic = heat
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11
Q

Define exothermic reactions

A

chemical reaction that releases more energy than it absorbs. usually as heat and light

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12
Q

What does endothermic mean?

A 
endo = absorb
thermic = heat
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13
Q

Define endothermic reactions

A

chemical energy that absorbs more energy than it releases such as photosynthesis (takes in sunlight, to create sugar and glucose for plant food)

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14
Q

what is a catalyst?

A

a substance that decreases the activation energy needed to start a chemical reaction
So the activation energy is less with a catalyst.

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15
Q

what makes up proteins?

A

amino acids (they are attracted to one another and make a specific shape to perform specific functions

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16
Q

What are the human catalysts?

A

enzymes. they are used for every chemical reaction in the body

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17
Q

how do you determine if it is an enzyme?

A

they end in ase

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18
Q

what are enzymes?

A

they are proteins (twist, fold and bend into a specific shape).

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19
Q

why is the enzyme shape important?

A

the substrate will bind to particular areas (think of a lock and key), and this becomes the active site

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20
Q

what binds to enzymes?

A

substrates

21
Q

what does the enzyme do to the substrate?

A

the enzyme weakens and breaks the bonds of the substrate then releases it.

22
Q

why are enzymes important?

A

they significantly speed up chemical reactions by decreasing the activation energy required (think of the graph with the two lines)

23
Q

What is a modulator site?

A

some enzymes have a modulator site which changes the configuration of the enzyme which then changes the rate of reaction

24
Q

What are stimulants?

A

Speed up a reaction

25
Q

What are inhibitors?

A

slow down a reaction (drugs for cancer patients)

26
Q

what is thermodynamics?

A

the study of energy transfer

27
Q

what are the 3 laws of thermodynamics?

A

1st law: conservation of energy
2nd law: disorder, randomness or spread of energy
3rd lawn: entropy at absolute zero (-273oC is zero)

28
Q

explain the first law of thermodynamics

A

energy cannot be created or destroyed. It is transferred from one state to another without being depleted. (energy in -food = energy out + heat + energy)

29
Q

explain the second law of thermodynamics?

A

it is the spread of energy.

30
Q

what does entropy mean?

A

disorder and is written as (S) an example is a messy room, it will become messy, but not become neat… the disorder increases, the energy is spread. more energy dispersal = more entropy.

31
Q

What is another example of the second law - entropy?

A

A hot drink in a room temperature will cool and equilibrate with the room by spreading energy into its environment.

32
Q

define energy

A

the ability to perform work, emerges only when a change takes place

33
Q

what are the 3 main forms of energy transfer?

A

mechanical, chemical and transport

34
Q

How long does ATP provide energy from muscle storage?

A

3-5 seconds

35
Q

explain the PCr system.

A

The body uses up the free ATP for energy first but then creatine is broken down and donates its phosphate to ADP to resynthesise ATP.

36
Q

how long does the phosphate system last?

A

8-10 seconds

weightlifting, powerlifting, gym work for heavy lifting less than 5 reps

37
Q

what is a coupling reaction?

A

where both exothermic and endothermic reactions occur. Such as photosynthesis - the sun exothermically releases heat but the leaf endothermically absorbs it to create photosynthesis - roughly.

38
Q

what is enthalpy?

A

accounts for the loss of energy in a spontaneous reaction - energy lost into the atmosphere. Change in energy during a reaction = enthalpy

39
Q

how is Enthalpy represented?

A

H

40
Q

how is change in enthalpy represented?

A

^H (triangle before the h)

41
Q

what is Gibb’s free energy?

A

usable energy - energy to make muscles contract, systems run. = LIFE

42
Q

How is Gibbs free energy represented?

A

G

-^G denotes an exothermic reaction

43
Q

what does equilibrium mean?

A

refers to a system that is in a standstill. reactions will proceed until equilibrium is reached
AC+BD = AD+BC
If you add more AC & BD to the left, the reaction will continue until it is even on both sides.

44
Q

how do you represent equilibrium?

A

Keq

45
Q

If there is more product than reactant

A

its endothermic

46
Q

if there is more reactant than product

A

its exothermic

47
Q

whats the difference between anaerobic and aerobic?

A

aerobic is the use of oxygen

48
Q

what does hydrolysis mean?

A

the breakdown of something using water

49
Q

how is inorganic phosphate represented?

A

Pi

EXS202 EXERCISE PHYSIOLOGY (5 decks)

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