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EXS202 EXERCISE PHYSIOLOGY > Glycolysis > Flashcards

Glycolysis Flashcards

1
Q

what is CHO stand for?

A

Carbohydrates

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2
Q

Carbs are broken down into two categories, what are they?

A

simple and complex.

simple are broken down in the mouth whereas complex are broken down in the small intestine

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3
Q

what is the similarity between simple and complex carbs?

A

they both enter the blood stream as glucose

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4
Q

what happens to carbs once they are broken down into glucose?

A

must be used or stored

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5
Q

what is glucose stored as in muscles?

A

stored in large molecules called glycogen

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6
Q

what is the process of making glycogen called?

A

glycogenesis

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7
Q

the liver can directly and indirectly convert glucose to what?

A

it is directly converted to glycogen (straight from food)

it can indirectly make glycogen from other substrates such as lactate to glucose

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8
Q

why can glucose not be stored as glucose?

A

it is water soluble.

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9
Q

what happens to excess glucose?

A

it is stored as fat

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10
Q

what system uses glucose for energy?

A

all systems in the body

  • nerves and brain uses large amounts of glucose
  • high carb intakes, the liver will use glucose too
  • important for movement (skeletal muscle uses glucose to produce rapid amounts of ATP)
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11
Q

what is the production of ATP from glucose called?

A

glycolysis - the breakdown of glucose

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12
Q

glucose turns into what which is then stored as fat?

A

aceto-co-a

breaksdown into triglycerides which is then stored as fat

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13
Q

what is the percentage of glucose used by the brain?

A

upwards of 60% from rest

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14
Q

what does the brain rely on if there is no glucose in the body?

A

fat (keto diet)

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15
Q

where does glycolysis occur?

A

cytosol of the cell

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16
Q

what enzyme is used to convert glucose?

A

hexokinase which uses an ATP (invested) to breakdown glucose

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17
Q

what is the primary role of glycolysis?

A

to rapidly create ATP

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18
Q

what is very important to glycolysis process?

A

the addition and removal of H+ ions

required nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) as this is an acceptor of H+

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19
Q

what is the final product of glycolysis?

A 
2x pyruvate (some become lactate)
2x ATP
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20
Q

what is a co-enzyme?

A

they have more broad application (not lock and key)

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21
Q

what are the terms used to describe the addition or removal of hydrogen H+ ions?

A

oxidation and reduction

22
Q

what is reduction?

A

when an H+ ion is added to a substrate (your reducing the desire for an electron with the addition of H+)
NAD+ +H+ = NADH

23
Q

what is oxidised?

A

when an H+ ion is removed from a substrate

FADH2 = FADH+ + H+

24
Q

what are the other yields from glycolysis?

A

2 NADH are released which are worth 3 ATP each

making the total energy production up to 8.

25
Q

what is pyruvate?

A

3 carbon fate

26
Q

what does pyruvate convert to?

A

some to lactate

some are used later in aerobic metabolism

27
Q

how do you convert pyruvate to lactate? Which enzyme?

A

lactate dehyrogenase (ase meaning enzyme) LDH

28
Q

what happens in a low Keq?

A

means there is more product to be made - bring it up to equilibrium

29
Q

what happens in a high Keq

A

means there is less reactant and more product (reactions are happening quickly)

30
Q

what happens with an accumulation of lactate and pyruvate?

A

slows glycolysis down

31
Q

how do we remove or use lactate?

A 
can be oxidised (removal of H+)
- in muscle (same or other)
- liver
- in other organs (heart)
converted back to glucose
32
Q

what does it mean if there are lower levels of muscle glycogen?

A

earlier fatigue

33
Q

how much glycogen is stored in the muscle and liver?

A

400g=1600kcal and 100g =400kcal

34
Q

what are the two types of control?

A

feed-forward

feed-back

35
Q

what is feed-forward

A

accumulcation of products stimulates forward movement
usually associated with glucose 6 phosphate
- hexokinase (glucose to G6P)
- events that increase G6P tend to increase the rate of glycolysis

36
Q

what is feed - back?

A

determined by glycolysis by-products
most associated with phosphofructokinase (PfK)
most important regulatroy enzyme as it can speed up or slow down glycolysis

37
Q

an exothermic reaction should be what?

A

negative

-7.3kcal

38
Q

what are the several areas of glycolysis control?

A 
PFK
– Energy Charge
– Thermodynamic
– Lactate Removal
– Pyruvate Removal
– Redox State (NADH/NAD+
)
– Glycogenolysis
39
Q

why is PFK important?

A

it is a key regulatory enzyme of glycolysis

it helps convert fructose 6 phosphate to fructose 1, 6-diphosphate

40
Q

how is PFK stimulated?

A

ADP, Pi, AMP, decreasing pH, NH4+

these are the ATP pre-cursors which means our body recognises to generate more ATP

41
Q

what can PFK be inhibited by?

A

ATP, PCr, and citrate (krebs cycle intermediate)

42
Q

what is the energy charge in the cell?

A

it is the ratio between AMP, ATP & ADP in the cell.

43
Q

how do you work out the energy charge?

A

there is a large equation but the closer the number is to 1, it has more ATP, if it is at 1, there is only ATP, if it is at 0, then it is all AMP. Usually resides around 0.8

44
Q

what are the three steps in glycolysis involving exothermic reactions?

A

hexokinase
PFK
Pyruvate kinase

45
Q

what does the conversion of pyruvate to acetyl coa result in?

A

the production of NADH

46
Q

what is the redox state?

A

refers to the ratio of NADH to NAD+ in cytosol

NADH/NAD+

47
Q

whata re the two processes that create NAD+

A

lactate production

aerobic metabolism

48
Q

what are the changes in redox?

A 
↑NADH/↓NAD+ = Increased redox and slower glycolysis
↓NADH/↑NAD+ = Decreased redox and faster glycolysis
49
Q

what is the enzyme in control of glycogen?

A

phosphorylase

50
Q

what does phosphorylase control by?

A

Pi - high levels of Pi stimulate glycogen breakdown

Ca2+ released during muscle contraction can increase glycogen breakdown

EXS202 EXERCISE PHYSIOLOGY (5 decks)

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