(lecture 1) Flashcards
give me the definition of cancer
diseases in which abnormal cells divide without control and can invade nearby tissues. malignant growth. also called malignancy
- define tumor
- are they benign or malignant?
- aka what?
- abnormal mass of tissue that results when cells divide more than they should or do not die when they should.
- can be either
benign = tumor
malignant = cancer
- neoplasm
- define neoplasia
- abnormal and unontrolled cell growth. A “new growth” of cells, originally derived from normal tissues that have undergone a serius of genetic changes that makes them unresponsive to normal growth controls and allows them to expand beyond their normal anatomic boundaries.
- define hyperplasia
- is normal growth, death, and anatomic boundaries maintained?
- increased cell number in a tissue
- yes
- define hypertrophy
- define dysplasia
- define metaplasia
see in response to what?
- increase in cell size (not number)
- disorderly arrangement or maturation of cells
- transformation of one differentiated cell type to another
chronic irritation/inflammation - columnar –> squamous so it can have than keratinized protection
(Benign vs. Malignant)
- growth rate
- mode of growth
- system effects
- metastases
- recurrence
- slow – fast
- expansile – infiltrative
- rare – common
- no – yes
- rare - common
(Benign vs. Malignant)
(gross)
- capsule
- necrosis
- ulceration
(microscopic)
- differentiation
- mitotic figures
- common – uncommon
- rare – common (benign grow slower and can get enough supplies - malignant cant and die)
- rare – common (center dies)
- good – anaplastic
- rare – common (indicative of cell division)
(What is Cancer?)
- group of diseases defined by what?
- originate from how many cells?
- What is the fundamental problem?
- uncontrolled proliferation
- a single cell
- cell retains or gains the ability to undergo self-renewal and loses the ability to fully differentiate
How do you name epithelial tumors?
How do you name mesenchymal tumors?
(What is cancer - the novice pathologist interpretation)
BLUENESS IS BADNESS
DNA is really dark blue - if you see alot of blue that means there are alot of nuclei and it is probably cancer
(Where does cancer come from)
- Is there a single cause of cancer?
- toxic compounds favor the arisal of cancer when they interact with the right (or wrong) specturm of sesceptibily factors at just the right time in the right environment
- no
hard to know if this is accurate cause occurence differnt than those dogs being brought in
(Gene Environment Interactions)
- Mutations can only lead to transformation if they enhance intrinsic proliferation and survival AND do what?
- Stromal modulation - what is this?
- Is inflammation good or bad for the tumor?
- provide an advantage within the local (or distant) microenvironment
- the growth’s interaction with the connective tissue (maybe…)
- can be either
(Accumulation of Mutations in Cancer)
- Are carcinogens mutagenic (directly damage DNA) or non-mutagenic (work through other mechanisms)?
- which mechanisms?
- can be either
- figure this out if you need to
all guys get prostrate cancer - but tumor stays in situ for most guys
in situ = in the same place
so carcinoma in situ means… carcinoma that stays in the same place
this guy rubbed coal tar on rabbit’s ears to show that it was mutagenic
The Ames Test for Mutagenicity - what does it measure?
- how mutagenic things are
