(lecture 1)

Question 1

give me the definition of cancer

Answer 1

diseases in which abnormal cells divide without control and can invade nearby tissues. malignant growth. also called malignancy

Question 2

1. define tumor
2. are they benign or malignant?
3. aka what?

Answer 2

1. abnormal mass of tissue that results when cells divide more than they should or do not die when they should.
2. can be either

benign = tumor

malignant = cancer

3. neoplasm

Question 3

1. define neoplasia

Answer 3

1. abnormal and unontrolled cell growth. A “new growth” of cells, originally derived from normal tissues that have undergone a serius of genetic changes that makes them unresponsive to normal growth controls and allows them to expand beyond their normal anatomic boundaries.

Question 4

1. define hyperplasia
2. is normal growth, death, and anatomic boundaries maintained?

Answer 4

1. increased cell number in a tissue
2. yes

Question 5

1. define hypertrophy
2. define dysplasia
3. define metaplasia

see in response to what?

Answer 5

1. increase in cell size (not number)
2. disorderly arrangement or maturation of cells
3. transformation of one differentiated cell type to another

chronic irritation/inflammation - columnar –> squamous so it can have than keratinized protection

Question 6

(Benign vs. Malignant)

1. growth rate
2. mode of growth
3. system effects
4. metastases
5. recurrence

Answer 6

1. slow – fast
2. expansile – infiltrative
3. rare – common
4. no – yes
5. rare - common

Question 7

(Benign vs. Malignant)

(gross)

1. capsule
2. necrosis
3. ulceration

(microscopic)

1. differentiation
2. mitotic figures

Answer 7

1. common – uncommon
2. rare – common (benign grow slower and can get enough supplies - malignant cant and die)
3. rare – common (center dies)
4. good – anaplastic
5. rare – common (indicative of cell division)

Question 8

(What is Cancer?)

1. group of diseases defined by what?
2. originate from how many cells?
3. What is the fundamental problem?

Answer 8

1. uncontrolled proliferation
2. a single cell
3. cell retains or gains the ability to undergo self-renewal and loses the ability to fully differentiate

Question 9

How do you name epithelial tumors?

Answer 9

Question 10

How do you name mesenchymal tumors?

Answer 10

Question 11

(What is cancer - the novice pathologist interpretation)

BLUENESS IS BADNESS

DNA is really dark blue - if you see alot of blue that means there are alot of nuclei and it is probably cancer

Question 12

(Where does cancer come from)

1. Is there a single cause of cancer?
2. toxic compounds favor the arisal of cancer when they interact with the right (or wrong) specturm of sesceptibily factors at just the right time in the right environment

Answer 12

1. no

Question 13

Answer 13

hard to know if this is accurate cause occurence differnt than those dogs being brought in

Question 14

Answer 14

Question 15

(Gene Environment Interactions)

1. Mutations can only lead to transformation if they enhance intrinsic proliferation and survival AND do what?
2. Stromal modulation - what is this?
3. Is inflammation good or bad for the tumor?

Answer 15

1. provide an advantage within the local (or distant) microenvironment
2. the growth’s interaction with the connective tissue (maybe…)
3. can be either

Question 16

Answer 16

Question 17

(Accumulation of Mutations in Cancer)

1. Are carcinogens mutagenic (directly damage DNA) or non-mutagenic (work through other mechanisms)?
2. which mechanisms?

Answer 17

1. can be either
2. figure this out if you need to

Question 18

all guys get prostrate cancer - but tumor stays in situ for most guys

in situ = in the same place

so carcinoma in situ means… carcinoma that stays in the same place

Answer 18

Question 19

Answer 19

this guy rubbed coal tar on rabbit’s ears to show that it was mutagenic

Question 20

Answer 20

Question 21

Question 22

The Ames Test for Mutagenicity - what does it measure?

Answer 22

1. how mutagenic things are

Question 23

Answer 23