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Nuclear Medicine > Lecture 1 > Flashcards

Lecture 1 Flashcards

1
Q

what is an atom

A

it is the smallest particle of an element that still possesses properties of the element

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2
Q

what are the subatomic particles

A

protons, neurotrons, and electrongs

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3
Q

what is the mass of a neutron or proton

A

it is 1

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4
Q

what formula relates mass and energy

A

E=mc2

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5
Q

what is the basic unit of energy

A

electron volt which is the energy required to move one electron against a potential difference of one volt

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6
Q

does de-excitation occur immediately or take time for electrons

A

occurs immediately

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7
Q

does de-excitation occur immediately or take time for nucleons

A

it may be immediate or delayed

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8
Q

what are the classic electron emmissions

A

characteristic x-ray. auger electron, visible light

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9
Q

what are the emmissions of nucleons

A

high energy gamma rays or electrons

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10
Q

what is the Bohr model of electrons

A

electrons resdie wtihin different energy states or levels

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11
Q

what is the k shell hold

A

2 electrons

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12
Q

what does the L shell hold

A

8 electrons

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13
Q

what does the M shell hold

A

18 electrons

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14
Q

what does the n shell hold

A

32 electrons

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15
Q

when an electron goes from inner to outer does it give off or require energy

A

requires energy

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16
Q

what is the coulomb force

A

it is the electrostatic force that keeps the nucleus together.. the protons want to be together

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17
Q

what is the nuclear binding force

A

attractive force that acts between all nucelar particles at a short distance/ and it dominates

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18
Q

what is binding energy of a nucleus

A

it is the energy required to voercome the bdining force and remove a nucleon from the nucleus

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19
Q

what is an alternative def of binding energy of nucelus

A

the energy created when a nucelus is produced from its component parts

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20
Q

what does a high binding energy mean about a nucelus stability

A

higher menas that its harder to break apart

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21
Q

what is a nuclide

A

refers to an atom with specific number of protons, neutrons, and nuclear energy state

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22
Q

what does it mean to be radioactive

A

a nucelide that is radioactive gives off ionizing radiation or particles through the spontaneous disintegration of atomic nuceli

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23
Q

how many elements

A

118

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24
Q

are nuclides radioactive

A

no only isotopes are radioactive

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25
Q

what makes some atoms more stable than otehrs

A

ratio of protons vs. neutrons/ A certain number of neutrons is needed to neutralize the repulsive force of the positively charged protons. More neutrons are needed for heavier elementst

the total number of nucelons, when it is too big it can be hard to old the nucelus together

26
Q

what is radioactive decay

A

is the process by which an unstable nucelus transforms into a more stable nucelus by emitting particels adn or photons and releasing energy

27
Q

is radioactive decay a nucleus or electron process

A

it is a nucelar process from nuclear instability

28
Q

what are the modes of radioactive decay

A

beta negative (negatron emission), positron emission, electron capture, isomeric transition, alpha emission

29
Q

are energy, charge and mass conserved in decay models?

A

yes

30
Q

when does B- decay occur

A

too may neutrons so ditch it the daughter has an increased z by one

31
Q

what is the general formula for b-

A

it is neutron converted into a beta and poroton and energy the new proton stays in the nucelus

32
Q

what are beta particles used for

A

imaging with bremmstrahlung breaking radiation. the kinetic energy lost during the braking is emitted as an x-ray and the charged particle is deflected and decelerated

33
Q

when does b+ decay occur

A

when there are too many protons. the saughter has one lower Z

34
Q

what happens to the protons and neutrons and mass when beta+happens

A

it loses one proton, increases by one neutron, and mass number remains unchanged

35
Q

what energy must be reached for a positron decay to occur

A

> 1.022 MeV this is because there will be an excess orbital electron during the decay, this excess electron is released to achieve ground state

36
Q

what happens to the electron from the emitted positron

A

it goes throguh an anihilation reaction where the positron collides with an electron and reacts violently. Energy is emitted as two gamma rays in opposing directions.

37
Q

what happens with electron capture aka when does it happen

A

it happens when there are too many protons, so there is a proton lost for a neutron, adn this means the z goes down by one

38
Q

what happens to the total number of protons, neutrons and mass with electron caputre and what is emitted

A

lose on proton gain one neutron, and mass stays the same. the electron vacancy created will have an emission of a characteristic z-ray or auger electron to fill this in

39
Q

what determines if electron capture will happen or if positron decay will happen

A

electron capture and positron decay have the same purpose to reduce the proton to neutron ratio. The transition energy must be >1.022 MeV for positron decay. IF not, only electron capture can occur

40
Q

what is an isomeric transition and when would it occur

A

it is would occur if the nucelar energy was too high. It releases some energy

41
Q

what changes with isomeric transition

A

it releases a gamma ray or a transfer to electron which is emitted. N ochange of protons or neutrons and there is achange in the energy state overall

42
Q

when would alpha emission occur

A

it would occur wit hheavy nucelides and drop portons and neutrons

43
Q

what is lost with alpha emission

A

it is two protons and two neutrons

44
Q

what travels further, alpha, beta, or gamma

A

gamma goes durtherest distance

45
Q

which if the three cannot penetrate skin

A

alpha

46
Q

what gives the biggest internal dose of radiation

A

alpha

47
Q

can gamma rays be imaged

A

yes gamma camera or SPECT

48
Q

can positrons be imaged

A

PET coincidence detection

49
Q

canbeta neg be imaged

A

not directly but bremmstralang

50
Q

can alpha be imaged

A

no used for the treatment of disease

51
Q

can electrons be imaged

A

not directly but could image the things from its decay

52
Q

is decay predictable

A

no

53
Q

what is lambda

A

it is the decay constat and it is the fraction of atoms undergoing radioactive decay per unit time

54
Q

formula for the average decay rate

A

dN/dt=-lambdaN

55
Q

formula for half life

A

Ln2/lambda

56
Q

what is a biological half life

A

unrelated to the radioactive decay process. IT referse to the time required for 50% of a biochemical to be eleminated from the body

57
Q

what is the effective half life and formula

A

it is the disappearance with time of aradioactive biochemical in the body both by radioactivedecay and biological elimination

58
Q

formula for lambda effective

A

lambda bio +lambda phys

59
Q

what is successive decay

A

a parent nuclide decays to daughter and maybe another adn the daughter goes through own decay and the daughter is also goign through one so succession

60
Q

what is secular equilibrium

A

it is when the half-life of parent is much longer than duaghter. The decrease in parent activity is negligible. Daughter nuclide initially builds up due to decay of parent. Reaches maximum acitivity to match that of parent. Both decau with half-life of the parent nuclide

61
Q

what is transient equilibrium

A

half life of parent is longer than the daughter by not infinite. the daughter will build up then the daughter activity reaches a maximum that exceeds the parent activity. Ratio of parent to daughter acitivity hits a constant

62
Q

when does no equilibrium occur

A

the half life of the parent is shorter than the daughter. No equilibrium between parent and daughter so the daughter builds up, reaches max, then decreases according to the equation. Whne the parent activity is zero, the reamianing daughter half life decays

Nuclear Medicine (5 decks)

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