Lecture 1 Flashcards
Rhetorical Skill
An ability in the symbolic manipulation of the audience’s limited cognitive resources to persuade or “make known” meaning to oneself and to others in order to influence action in the context of organizational or institutional change
Change leadership needs a compelling vision, just as much as the compelling articulation of that vision
> Name 4 reasons why not all ideas are immediately accepted:
- Because society and organizations consists of factions with different visions..
- Because some ideas are more culturally acceptable than others…
- Because some speakers are more powerful than others…
- Because some speakers articulate their ideas better than others…
What is an institution?
- Self-policed convention
- Shared rules & typification
- A dominant cultural reality or deep structure
- Socially constructed templates for action
How institutionalization works:
Ostentive reality vs Performative reality
Ostentive Reality (“thing”) <> Performative Reality (“process”)
….actors create institutions through a history of negotiations that lead to ‘shared typifications’ or generalized expectations and interpretations of
behaviour. The patterned relations and actions that emerge from this process gradually acquire the moral and ontological status of taken-for-granted facts which, in turn, shape future interactions and negotiations…
Why do Institutions excist?
Name 4 functions of institutions
- Institutions simplify social behavior for the individual person
- Provide ready-made forms of social relations and social roles for individual
- Act as agencies for coordination and stability for the total culture
- Control behavior
The 5 classical canons of rhetoric
- Inventio
- Dispositio
- Elocutio
- Memoria
- Pronuntiatio
Elocutio?
Style
Pronuntiatio?
Delivery
Inventio: 2 kind of arguments
1 Non-Artistic Proofs, Laws, or Contracts
- Artistic/technical proofs
- Rational appeal (logos)
- Emotional appeal (pathos)
- Ethical appeal (ethos)
Ethical Appeal
Depends on
- the character of the speaker (high moral
values) and - the structuring of the text
> receives trust and admiration for his/her arguments from an audience
Best order of appeals
Pathos > logos > ethos
Explain two Internal Polity Processes of:
Lateral Change
- Negotiation
- Framing
Lateral = different groups hold similar power. So this is when a group will either have to negotiate, or use framing to persuade the other groups.
- Negotiation = interest and exchange based bargaining over decisions or coalition alignment (leave group interest unchanged, resolve conflict)
- Framing = represental and rhetorical tactics to persuade others (change goals and interests of other groups)
Dispositio
Arrangement and Order (go out with a bang!)
What underlies Elocutio?
Style:
- fallacies
- Story telling
- Figures of speech
- Metaphors
- Anecdotes
- Has a strong influence on how Moral the public views you
Explain 3 Internal Polity Processes of:
Top-Down change
- Authority
- Formalization
- Enablement
- Authority = evoke or contest positional or other status/domain [bevoegdheid] to influence > e.g. decisions are implemented
- Formalization = depersonalize and enshine (veranker) decision rules in structures, policies & routines. > e.g. by putting bureaucratic procedures in place
- Enablement = deligate power, set democratic rules, refrain from using power > e.g. where they use their authority to e.g. lend support to certain initiatives
Explain 2 Internal Polity Processes of:
Bottom- up Change
- Mobilization
- Issue Selling
- Mobilization = a collective process on broadening support. The transition from goals or grievances to action. Mobilization vertically is very effective (political toolkits access).
> finding support for a particular goal from many members in different levels of the hierarchy - Issue Selling = to guard organizational goals. Framing and rhetorical practices are essential to successful political influence. Using existing decision-making routines can also be powerful. Gaining attention is a central challenge.
> lower level managers getting the attention of higher level decision-makers in order to sell a specific issue, such as an issue about equality.
direct engagement with higher level decision makers. The challenge here is that organizational elites are meant
Discource and Institutions
- Institution
- Discourse
- Text
- Institution = discursive (geredeneerde) activity that influence actions
- Discourse (written or spoken communication) = structured collections of meaninful ‘texts’
- Text = any kind of symbolic expression
Organizations as politires
- Polity
- Politics
- Policy
- Organisation
- Polity = Collective, organized entity governing an area of social life
- Politics = Processes, practices, and tactics involved in managing a polity
- Policy = Formal or informal plan, goal or stance regarding an issue
- Organisation = Bounded social entity with some form of internal structure + Pursues a goal
Open Systems (Weber & Waeger)
A system that interacts with and is somehow influenced by signals from its environment
Principled Theologian
Pragmatic Politician
Statesman
Principled Theologian = not willing nor able to engage in alternative frames, clings to own
Pragmatic Politician = very flexible, willing and able to adop alternative frame in order to build broad support
Statesman = (tussenin!) Carefully mediates own frames and convictions and those of others > Moral general course
Collective Action Frames
Action oriented sets of beliefs and meaning that ‘inspire’ and ‘legitimate’ the activities & campains of social movements.
> Diagnostic Framing
> Prognostic Framing
> Motivational Framing
Collective Action Frames :
> Diagnostic Framing
> Prognostic Framing
> Motivational Framing
> Diagnostic Framing = Blame, responsibility, boundary span)
> Prognostic Framing = Strategy, solution
> Motivational Framing = moving others
Framing Process:
> Discursive Processes
> Strategic Processes
> Contested Processes
> Discursive Processes = talk, conversation, articulation
> Strategic Processes = goal oriented: bridge, transform
> Contested Processes = challenges, opponents: counterframing
Sociocultural contextual factors in framing:
> Political Opportunity Structure
> Cultural Opportunities & Constraints
> Audience Effects
These shape the framing process:
> Political Opportunity Structure = micro factors
> Cultural Opportunities & Constraints = Toolkit of beliefs, ideologies, practices, values, myths, narratives. Cultural Ressonance
> Audience Effects = know the audience
