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PSYC3102 > Lecture 1 > Flashcards

Lecture 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 4 main objectives for scientific study of behaviour?

A
  1. Describing: what behaviours are evident - do they fulfill criteria for a disorder
  2. Explaining: why a behaviour is evident
  3. Predicting: outcome
  4. Managing: behaviours that are considered problematic
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2
Q

What is the Relativist view

A

Symptoms & causes vary across cultures

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3
Q

What is the Absolutist view

A

A disorder is caused by the same biological factors

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4
Q

How do you define abnormal behaviour?

A

NO CLEAR-CUT DEFINITION. Largely subjective

is the individual behaving differently, deviantly, dangerously or dysfunctionally abnormal?

Does the behaviour cause distress or dysfunction for the individual or others

Duration

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5
Q

How many elements of abnormality are there and list them all?

A
    • Personal suffering
  • Maladaptiveness
  • Irrationality and incomprehensibility
  • Unpredictability and loss of control
  • Level of emotional distress
  • Interference in daily functioning
  • Vividness and unconventionality
    - Deviations from the norm (developmental, societal & cultural)
  • Observer discomfort
  • Violation of moral and ideal standards
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6
Q

What does the DSM-5 focus on?

A

Symptoms and scientific basis.

  • clinical presentation: what specific symptoms cluster together
  • etiology: what causes the disorders
  • developmental stage: does the disorder look different for children than it does for adults
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7
Q

What are involved in mental disorders?

A

Present distress
Disability (impairment in one or more areas of functioning)
Significant risk of suffering death, disability, or an important loss of freedom

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8
Q

What did Thomas Szasz say?

A

Clinical labelling leads to stigma and discrimination

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9
Q

What is epidemiology

A

They study of the frequency and distribution of disorders within a population

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10
Q

What does incidence refer to?

A

Incidence refers to the number of NEW CASES of a disorder that appear in a population within a specific time period.

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11
Q

What does prevalence refer to?

A

Prevalence refers to the TOTAL number of ACTIVE cases in a given population during a specific time period.

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12
Q

What is comorbidity?

A

Comorbidity means that more than one condition is present

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13
Q

What is life-time prevalence

A

Lifetime prevalence is the proportion of the population that is affected AT SOME POINT during their lives

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14
Q

Rank from greatest to least the lifetime prevalence rates of mental disorders

A
  1. Major depression
  2. Alcohol abuse
  3. Drug abuse
  4. PTSD
  5. Panic disorder
  6. Bipolar mood disorder
  7. OCD
  8. Schizophrenia
  9. Bulimia nervosa
  10. Anorexia nervosa
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15
Q

What were the three categories Hippocrates classified mental disorders into?

A
  1. Mania
  2. Melancholia
  3. Phrenitis (brain-fever)
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16
Q

What was the common conception for the cause of diseases during ancient times?

A

That ALL forms of diseases had natural causes.
Imbalance in essential fluids such as blood, phlegm, yellow and black bile. Thus, treatment procedures focused on restoring balance.

17
Q

During Middle Ages how was abnormal behaviour viewed?

A

Interpreted as the work of the devil or witchcraft (exorcism). Many with mental disorders treated like witches.

Mentally challenged individuals were viewed demonically.

18
Q

Who criticized demonology and what were their reasons?

A

Paracelsus - stars and planets affected the brain

Weyer - First physician to specialise in the treatment of mental illness

19
Q

What was the first major asylum and How was the treatment of mentally ill individuals in asylums?

A

London’s Bethlehem Hospital
Treatment consisted of CONFINEMENT (isolation), TORTUROUS PRACTICES (ice-cold baths) and MEDICAL TREATMENTS (bloodletting)

20
Q

When did reform into mental illness treatment begin, and who was a key figure during this time?

A

19th century; Philippe Pinel

21
Q

List Pinel’s Classification System

A
  • Melancholia
  • Mania
  • Mania with delirium
  • Dementia
  • Idiotism
22
Q

List Kraepelin’s classifiers

A

Dementia praecox

Mania depressive psychosis

23
Q

List somatic treatments (Slide 31)

A

Fever therapy - blood from people with malaria injected into patients to develop fever. Reason: symptoms sometimes disappeared in patients who became ill with typhoid fever

Insulin coma therapy - inject insulin to lower blood glucose levels and induce a hypoglycemic state and deep coma. Reason: observed mental changes among some diabetic drug addicts who were treated with insulin

Lobotomy - sharp knife inserted into skull to sever nerve fibers connecting the frontal lobes to the rest of the brain. Reason: saw decrease in negative emotion during stress among chimpanzees after performing same procedure

24
Q

Who were involved in the psychoanalytic revolution

A

Franz Mesmer: neurologist who identified hysterical disorders and treated them with HYPNOSIS

Freud: trained by Jean Charcot, developed free association theory

Joseph Breuer: Hypnosis + catharsis

25
Q

Who were key to the psychoanalytic revolution? And what did they discuss?

A

Freud and Breuer (through studies in Hysteria).

  1. Psychological factors affect behaviour
  2. Talking treatment is more effective than harsh physical & moral treatments
  3. Behaviour is influenced by thoughts, impulses & wishes we may be unaware of
  4. Non-psychotic disorders are worthy of treatment
26
Q

What comprises the biopsychosocial framework?

What is it?

A

Biological factors
Social factors
Psychological factors
Environmental factors

Argues that the interaction between these factors determine the cause, manifestation, and outcome of wellness and disease.

27
Q

List advances in treatment

A

Behavioural therapies

  • Behaviour therapy
  • CBT
  • CBT + mindfulness and acceptance therapy

New Psychotic drugs

Out-patient psychiatric clinics focus on MANAGING the illness

Community mental health centres focus on REHABILITATION

28
Q

What is the current view of abnormality?

A

Behaviour must always be considered in the context in which it occurs

To best understand abnormal behaviour requires adopting the scientist-practitioner approach (guided by observation, evidence, and theory)

Best to incorporate HOLISTIC or MULTIDISCIPLINARY approach to both development of and treatment of abnormal behaviour.

29
Q

What is a symptom?

A

Subjective and objective signs of pathological conditions

30
Q

What is a syndrome?

A

A group of symptoms that occur together that constitute a recognisable condition

31
Q

Purpose of classification

A

Enables clinicians to diagnose a person’s problem as a disorder

Information retrieval

Facilitates research

Facilitates communication

Facilitates treatment selection (sometimes)

32
Q

Problems with classification

A

Categorical approach - we are categorising people and where do we draw the line

Dimensional approach

33
Q

Criticism of classification

A

Classification per se is irrelevant to the field of abnormal behaviour (Thomas Szasz view)

Loss of information (reducing people to single words)

Ignores differences

Labels controversy

  • shape perceptions (struggling with jobs)
  • prejudicial treatment
  • self-fulfilling prophecy
34
Q

Criticism of Diagnostic practice

A

Distinct entity vs Continuum approach
- behaviour problems in a child (when do we diagnose a child)

Reliability and validity
- some of the disorders are not that reliable for making diagnoses (comorbidity)

Diagnostic bias

  • expectations of what we think their problems are
  • Rosenhan Experiment: It’s clear that we cannot distinguish the sane from the insane in psychiatric hospitals
35
Q

What is Clinical Assessment?

A

The process of gathering info important to diagnose, plan treatment and predict the future course of a disorder

36
Q

Types of Clinical assessments?

A

Projective tests

  • Rorschach Test
  • Thematic Apperception Test

Personality Inventories

Self-report inventories

Intelligence tests

Neurological tests

Behavioural Assessment

Physiological Assessment

PSYC3102 (3 decks)

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